reth_evm_ethereum/

execute.rs

//! Ethereum block execution strategy.

use crate::EthEvmConfig;
use alloc::sync::Arc;
use reth_chainspec::ChainSpec;
use reth_evm::execute::BasicBlockExecutorProvider;

/// Helper type with backwards compatible methods to obtain Ethereum executor
/// providers.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct EthExecutorProvider;

impl EthExecutorProvider {
    /// Creates a new default ethereum executor provider.
    pub fn ethereum(chain_spec: Arc<ChainSpec>) -> BasicBlockExecutorProvider<EthEvmConfig> {
        BasicBlockExecutorProvider::new(EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec))
    }

    /// Returns a new provider for the mainnet.
    pub fn mainnet() -> BasicBlockExecutorProvider<EthEvmConfig> {
        BasicBlockExecutorProvider::new(EthEvmConfig::mainnet())
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use alloy_consensus::{constants::ETH_TO_WEI, Header, TxLegacy};
    use alloy_eips::{
        eip2935::{HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW, HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE},
        eip4788::{BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, BEACON_ROOTS_CODE, SYSTEM_ADDRESS},
        eip4895::Withdrawal,
        eip7002::{WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS, WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE},
        eip7685::EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH,
    };
    use alloy_evm::block::BlockValidationError;
    use alloy_primitives::{b256, fixed_bytes, keccak256, Bytes, TxKind, B256, U256};
    use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecBuilder, EthereumHardfork, ForkCondition, MAINNET};
    use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Block, BlockBody, Transaction};
    use reth_evm::execute::{BasicBlockExecutorProvider, BlockExecutorProvider, Executor};
    use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
    use reth_primitives_traits::{
        crypto::secp256k1::public_key_to_address, Block as _, RecoveredBlock,
    };
    use reth_testing_utils::generators::{self, sign_tx_with_key_pair};
    use revm::{
        database::{CacheDB, EmptyDB, TransitionState},
        primitives::address,
        state::{AccountInfo, Bytecode, EvmState},
        Database,
    };
    use std::sync::mpsc;

    fn create_database_with_beacon_root_contract() -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
        let mut db = CacheDB::new(Default::default());

        let beacon_root_contract_account = AccountInfo {
            balance: U256::ZERO,
            code_hash: keccak256(BEACON_ROOTS_CODE.clone()),
            nonce: 1,
            code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(BEACON_ROOTS_CODE.clone())),
        };

        db.insert_account_info(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, beacon_root_contract_account);

        db
    }

    fn create_database_with_withdrawal_requests_contract() -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
        let mut db = CacheDB::new(Default::default());

        let withdrawal_requests_contract_account = AccountInfo {
            nonce: 1,
            balance: U256::ZERO,
            code_hash: keccak256(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE.clone()),
            code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE.clone())),
        };

        db.insert_account_info(
            WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS,
            withdrawal_requests_contract_account,
        );

        db
    }

    fn executor_provider(chain_spec: Arc<ChainSpec>) -> BasicBlockExecutorProvider<EthEvmConfig> {
        BasicBlockExecutorProvider::new(EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec))
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_4788_non_genesis_call() {
        let mut header =
            Header { timestamp: 1, number: 1, excess_blob_gas: Some(0), ..Header::default() };

        let db = create_database_with_beacon_root_contract();

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);

        let mut executor = provider.executor(db);

        // attempt to execute a block without parent beacon block root, expect err
        let err = executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block {
                    header: header.clone(),
                    body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![], ommers: vec![], withdrawals: None },
                },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect_err(
                "Executing cancun block without parent beacon block root field should fail",
            );

        assert!(matches!(
            err.as_validation().unwrap(),
            BlockValidationError::MissingParentBeaconBlockRoot
        ));

        // fix header, set a gas limit
        header.parent_beacon_block_root = Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69));

        // Now execute a block with the fixed header, ensure that it does not fail
        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block {
                    header: header.clone(),
                    body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![], ommers: vec![], withdrawals: None },
                },
                vec![],
            ))
            .unwrap();

        // check the actual storage of the contract - it should be:
        // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH should be
        // header.timestamp
        // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH + HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH
        //   // should be parent_beacon_block_root
        let history_buffer_length = 8191u64;
        let timestamp_index = header.timestamp % history_buffer_length;
        let parent_beacon_block_root_index =
            timestamp_index % history_buffer_length + history_buffer_length;

        let timestamp_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
            state.storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(timestamp_index)).unwrap()
        });
        assert_eq!(timestamp_storage, U256::from(header.timestamp));

        // get parent beacon block root storage and compare
        let parent_beacon_block_root_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
            state
                .storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(parent_beacon_block_root_index))
                .expect("storage value should exist")
        });
        assert_eq!(parent_beacon_block_root_storage, U256::from(0x69));
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_4788_no_code_cancun() {
        // This test ensures that we "silently fail" when cancun is active and there is no code at
        // // BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS
        let header = Header {
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 1,
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69)),
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        let db = CacheDB::new(EmptyDB::default());

        // DON'T deploy the contract at genesis
        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);

        // attempt to execute an empty block with parent beacon block root, this should not fail
        provider
            .executor(db)
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block {
                    header,
                    body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![], ommers: vec![], withdrawals: None },
                },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while cancun is active should not fail",
            );
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_4788_empty_account_call() {
        // This test ensures that we do not increment the nonce of an empty SYSTEM_ADDRESS account
        // // during the pre-block call

        let mut db = create_database_with_beacon_root_contract();

        // insert an empty SYSTEM_ADDRESS
        db.insert_account_info(SYSTEM_ADDRESS, Default::default());

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);

        // construct the header for block one
        let header = Header {
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 1,
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69)),
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        let mut executor = provider.executor(db);

        // attempt to execute an empty block with parent beacon block root, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block {
                    header,
                    body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![], ommers: vec![], withdrawals: None },
                },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while cancun is active should not fail",
            );

        // ensure that the nonce of the system address account has not changed
        let nonce =
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(SYSTEM_ADDRESS).unwrap().unwrap().nonce);
        assert_eq!(nonce, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_4788_genesis_call() {
        let db = create_database_with_beacon_root_contract();

        // activate cancun at genesis
        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0))
                .build(),
        );

        let mut header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.executor(db);

        // attempt to execute the genesis block with non-zero parent beacon block root, expect err
        header.parent_beacon_block_root = Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69));
        let _err = executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block { header: header.clone(), body: Default::default() },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect_err(
                "Executing genesis cancun block with non-zero parent beacon block root field
    should fail",
            );

        // fix header
        header.parent_beacon_block_root = Some(B256::ZERO);

        // now try to process the genesis block again, this time ensuring that a system contract
        // call does not occur
        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                vec![],
            ))
            .unwrap();

        // there is no system contract call so there should be NO STORAGE CHANGES
        // this means we'll check the transition state
        let transition_state = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
            state
                .transition_state
                .take()
                .expect("the evm should be initialized with bundle updates")
        });

        // assert that it is the default (empty) transition state
        assert_eq!(transition_state, TransitionState::default());
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_4788_high_base_fee() {
        // This test ensures that if we have a base fee, then we don't return an error when the
        // system contract is called, due to the gas price being less than the base fee.
        let header = Header {
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 1,
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69)),
            base_fee_per_gas: Some(u64::MAX),
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        let db = create_database_with_beacon_root_contract();

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);

        // execute header
        let mut executor = provider.executor(db);

        // Now execute a block with the fixed header, ensure that it does not fail
        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block { header: header.clone(), body: Default::default() },
                vec![],
            ))
            .unwrap();

        // check the actual storage of the contract - it should be:
        // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH should be
        // header.timestamp
        // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH + HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH
        //   // should be parent_beacon_block_root
        let history_buffer_length = 8191u64;
        let timestamp_index = header.timestamp % history_buffer_length;
        let parent_beacon_block_root_index =
            timestamp_index % history_buffer_length + history_buffer_length;

        // get timestamp storage and compare
        let timestamp_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
            state.storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(timestamp_index)).unwrap()
        });
        assert_eq!(timestamp_storage, U256::from(header.timestamp));

        // get parent beacon block root storage and compare
        let parent_beacon_block_root_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
            state.storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(parent_beacon_block_root_index)).unwrap()
        });
        assert_eq!(parent_beacon_block_root_storage, U256::from(0x69));
    }

    /// Create a state provider with blockhashes and the EIP-2935 system contract.
    fn create_database_with_block_hashes(latest_block: u64) -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
        let mut db = CacheDB::new(Default::default());
        for block_number in 0..=latest_block {
            db.cache
                .block_hashes
                .insert(U256::from(block_number), keccak256(block_number.to_string()));
        }

        let blockhashes_contract_account = AccountInfo {
            balance: U256::ZERO,
            code_hash: keccak256(HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE.clone()),
            code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE.clone())),
            nonce: 1,
        };

        db.insert_account_info(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, blockhashes_contract_account);

        db
    }
    #[test]
    fn eip_2935_pre_fork() {
        let db = create_database_with_block_hashes(1);

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Never)
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.executor(db);

        // construct the header for block one
        let header = Header { timestamp: 1, number: 1, ..Header::default() };

        // attempt to execute an empty block, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // ensure that the block hash was *not* written to storage, since this is before the fork
        // was activated
        //
        // we load the account first, because revm expects it to be
        // loaded
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap());
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO)
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_2935_fork_activation_genesis() {
        let db = create_database_with_block_hashes(0);

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .cancun_activated()
                .prague_activated()
                .build(),
        );

        let header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.executor(db);

        // attempt to execute genesis block, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // ensure that the block hash was *not* written to storage, since there are no blocks
        // preceding genesis
        //
        // we load the account first, because revm expects it to be
        // loaded
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap());
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO)
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_2935_fork_activation_within_window_bounds() {
        let fork_activation_block = (HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW - 10) as u64;
        let db = create_database_with_block_hashes(fork_activation_block);

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .cancun_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let header = Header {
            parent_hash: B256::random(),
            timestamp: 1,
            number: fork_activation_block,
            requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::random()),
            ..Header::default()
        };
        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.executor(db);

        // attempt to execute the fork activation block, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // the hash for the ancestor of the fork activation block should be present
        assert!(executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some()));
        assert_ne!(
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
                .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(fork_activation_block - 1))
                .unwrap()),
            U256::ZERO
        );

        // the hash of the block itself should not be in storage
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(fork_activation_block))
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));
    }

    // <https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/pull/9144>
    #[test]
    fn eip_2935_fork_activation_outside_window_bounds() {
        let fork_activation_block = (HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW + 256) as u64;
        let db = create_database_with_block_hashes(fork_activation_block);

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .cancun_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.executor(db);

        let header = Header {
            parent_hash: B256::random(),
            timestamp: 1,
            number: fork_activation_block,
            requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::random()),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        // attempt to execute the fork activation block, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // the hash for the ancestor of the fork activation block should be present
        assert!(executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_2935_state_transition_inside_fork() {
        let db = create_database_with_block_hashes(2);

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .cancun_activated()
                .prague_activated()
                .build(),
        );

        let header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
        let header_hash = header.hash_slow();

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.executor(db);

        // attempt to execute the genesis block, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // nothing should be written as the genesis has no ancestors
        //
        // we load the account first, because revm expects it to be
        // loaded
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap());
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO)
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));

        // attempt to execute block 1, this should not fail
        let header = Header {
            parent_hash: header_hash,
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 1,
            requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::random()),
            ..Header::default()
        };
        let header_hash = header.hash_slow();

        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // the block hash of genesis should now be in storage, but not block 1
        assert!(executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some()));
        assert_ne!(
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
                .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO)
                .unwrap()),
            U256::ZERO
        );
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(1))
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));

        // attempt to execute block 2, this should not fail
        let header = Header {
            parent_hash: header_hash,
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 2,
            requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::random()),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        executor
            .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
                Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                vec![],
            ))
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // the block hash of genesis and block 1 should now be in storage, but not block 2
        assert!(executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some()));
        assert_ne!(
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
                .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO)
                .unwrap()),
            U256::ZERO
        );
        assert_ne!(
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
                .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(1))
                .unwrap()),
            U256::ZERO
        );
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(2))
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_7002() {
        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .cancun_activated()
                .prague_activated()
                .build(),
        );

        let mut db = create_database_with_withdrawal_requests_contract();

        let sender_key_pair = generators::generate_key(&mut generators::rng());
        let sender_address = public_key_to_address(sender_key_pair.public_key());

        db.insert_account_info(
            sender_address,
            AccountInfo { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(ETH_TO_WEI), ..Default::default() },
        );

        // https://github.com/lightclient/sys-asm/blob/9282bdb9fd64e024e27f60f507486ffb2183cba2/test/Withdrawal.t.sol.in#L36
        let validator_public_key = fixed_bytes!("111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111");
        let withdrawal_amount = fixed_bytes!("0203040506070809");
        let input: Bytes = [&validator_public_key[..], &withdrawal_amount[..]].concat().into();
        assert_eq!(input.len(), 56);

        let mut header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
        header.gas_limit = 1_500_000;
        // measured
        header.gas_used = 135_856;
        header.receipts_root =
            b256!("0xb31a3e47b902e9211c4d349af4e4c5604ce388471e79ca008907ae4616bb0ed3");

        let tx = sign_tx_with_key_pair(
            sender_key_pair,
            Transaction::Legacy(TxLegacy {
                chain_id: Some(chain_spec.chain.id()),
                nonce: 1,
                gas_price: header.base_fee_per_gas.unwrap().into(),
                gas_limit: header.gas_used,
                to: TxKind::Call(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS),
                // `MIN_WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_FEE`
                value: U256::from(2),
                input,
            }),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);

        let mut executor = provider.executor(db);

        let BlockExecutionResult { receipts, requests, .. } = executor
            .execute_one(
                &Block { header, body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![tx], ..Default::default() } }
                    .try_into_recovered()
                    .unwrap(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        let receipt = receipts.first().unwrap();
        assert!(receipt.success);

        // There should be exactly one entry with withdrawal requests
        assert_eq!(requests.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(requests[0][0], 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn block_gas_limit_error() {
        // Create a chain specification with fork conditions set for Prague
        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0))
                .build(),
        );

        // Create a state provider with the withdrawal requests contract pre-deployed
        let mut db = create_database_with_withdrawal_requests_contract();

        // Generate a new key pair for the sender
        let sender_key_pair = generators::generate_key(&mut generators::rng());
        // Get the sender's address from the public key
        let sender_address = public_key_to_address(sender_key_pair.public_key());

        // Insert the sender account into the state with a nonce of 1 and a balance of 1 ETH in Wei
        db.insert_account_info(
            sender_address,
            AccountInfo { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(ETH_TO_WEI), ..Default::default() },
        );

        // Define the validator public key and withdrawal amount as fixed bytes
        let validator_public_key = fixed_bytes!("111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111");
        let withdrawal_amount = fixed_bytes!("2222222222222222");
        // Concatenate the validator public key and withdrawal amount into a single byte array
        let input: Bytes = [&validator_public_key[..], &withdrawal_amount[..]].concat().into();
        // Ensure the input length is 56 bytes
        assert_eq!(input.len(), 56);

        // Create a genesis block header with a specified gas limit and gas used
        let mut header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
        header.gas_limit = 1_500_000;
        header.gas_used = 134_807;
        header.receipts_root =
            b256!("0xb31a3e47b902e9211c4d349af4e4c5604ce388471e79ca008907ae4616bb0ed3");

        // Create a transaction with a gas limit higher than the block gas limit
        let tx = sign_tx_with_key_pair(
            sender_key_pair,
            Transaction::Legacy(TxLegacy {
                chain_id: Some(chain_spec.chain.id()),
                nonce: 1,
                gas_price: header.base_fee_per_gas.unwrap().into(),
                gas_limit: 2_500_000, // higher than block gas limit
                to: TxKind::Call(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS),
                value: U256::from(1),
                input,
            }),
        );

        // Create an executor from the state provider
        let mut executor = executor_provider(chain_spec).executor(db);

        // Execute the block and capture the result
        let exec_result = executor.execute_one(
            &Block { header, body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![tx], ..Default::default() } }
                .try_into_recovered()
                .unwrap(),
        );

        // Check if the execution result is an error and assert the specific error type
        match exec_result {
            Ok(_) => panic!("Expected block gas limit error"),
            Err(err) => assert!(matches!(
                *err.as_validation().unwrap(),
                BlockValidationError::TransactionGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas {
                    transaction_gas_limit: 2_500_000,
                    block_available_gas: 1_500_000,
                }
            )),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_balance_increment_not_duplicated() {
        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .cancun_activated()
                .prague_activated()
                .build(),
        );

        let withdrawal_recipient = address!("0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000");

        let mut db = CacheDB::new(EmptyDB::default());
        let initial_balance = 100;
        db.insert_account_info(
            withdrawal_recipient,
            AccountInfo { balance: U256::from(initial_balance), nonce: 1, ..Default::default() },
        );

        let withdrawal =
            Withdrawal { index: 0, validator_index: 0, address: withdrawal_recipient, amount: 1 };

        let header = Header {
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 1,
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::random()),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        let block = &RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block {
                header,
                body: BlockBody {
                    transactions: vec![],
                    ommers: vec![],
                    withdrawals: Some(vec![withdrawal].into()),
                },
            },
            vec![],
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let executor = provider.executor(db);

        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
        let tx_clone = tx.clone();

        let _output = executor
            .execute_with_state_hook(block, move |_, state: &EvmState| {
                if let Some(account) = state.get(&withdrawal_recipient) {
                    let _ = tx_clone.send(account.info.balance);
                }
            })
            .expect("Block execution should succeed");

        drop(tx);
        let balance_changes: Vec<U256> = rx.try_iter().collect();

        if let Some(final_balance) = balance_changes.last() {
            let expected_final_balance = U256::from(initial_balance) + U256::from(1_000_000_000); // initial + 1 Gwei in Wei
            assert_eq!(
                *final_balance, expected_final_balance,
                "Final balance should match expected value after withdrawal"
            );
        }
    }
}