reth_evm_ethereum/

execute.rs

//! Ethereum block execution strategy.

use crate::{
    dao_fork::{DAO_HARDFORK_BENEFICIARY, DAO_HARDKFORK_ACCOUNTS},
    EthEvmConfig,
};
use alloc::{boxed::Box, sync::Arc, vec, vec::Vec};
use alloy_consensus::Transaction as _;
use alloy_eips::eip7685::Requests;
use core::fmt::Display;
use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpec, EthereumHardfork, EthereumHardforks, MAINNET};
use reth_consensus::ConsensusError;
use reth_ethereum_consensus::validate_block_post_execution;
use reth_evm::{
    execute::{
        BasicBlockExecutorProvider, BlockExecutionError, BlockExecutionStrategy,
        BlockExecutionStrategyFactory, BlockValidationError, ExecuteOutput, ProviderError,
    },
    state_change::post_block_balance_increments,
    system_calls::{OnStateHook, SystemCaller},
    ConfigureEvm,
};
use reth_primitives::{BlockWithSenders, Receipt};
use reth_revm::db::State;
use revm_primitives::{
    db::{Database, DatabaseCommit},
    BlockEnv, CfgEnvWithHandlerCfg, EnvWithHandlerCfg, ResultAndState, U256,
};

/// Factory for [`EthExecutionStrategy`].
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct EthExecutionStrategyFactory<EvmConfig = EthEvmConfig> {
    /// The chainspec
    chain_spec: Arc<ChainSpec>,
    /// How to create an EVM.
    evm_config: EvmConfig,
}

impl EthExecutionStrategyFactory {
    /// Creates a new default ethereum executor strategy factory.
    pub fn ethereum(chain_spec: Arc<ChainSpec>) -> Self {
        Self::new(chain_spec.clone(), EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec))
    }

    /// Returns a new factory for the mainnet.
    pub fn mainnet() -> Self {
        Self::ethereum(MAINNET.clone())
    }
}

impl<EvmConfig> EthExecutionStrategyFactory<EvmConfig> {
    /// Creates a new executor strategy factory.
    pub const fn new(chain_spec: Arc<ChainSpec>, evm_config: EvmConfig) -> Self {
        Self { chain_spec, evm_config }
    }
}

impl<EvmConfig> BlockExecutionStrategyFactory for EthExecutionStrategyFactory<EvmConfig>
where
    EvmConfig:
        Clone + Unpin + Sync + Send + 'static + ConfigureEvm<Header = alloy_consensus::Header>,
{
    type Strategy<DB: Database<Error: Into<ProviderError> + Display>> =
        EthExecutionStrategy<DB, EvmConfig>;

    fn create_strategy<DB>(&self, db: DB) -> Self::Strategy<DB>
    where
        DB: Database<Error: Into<ProviderError> + Display>,
    {
        let state =
            State::builder().with_database(db).with_bundle_update().without_state_clear().build();
        EthExecutionStrategy::new(state, self.chain_spec.clone(), self.evm_config.clone())
    }
}

/// Block execution strategy for Ethereum.
#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
pub struct EthExecutionStrategy<DB, EvmConfig>
where
    EvmConfig: Clone,
{
    /// The chainspec
    chain_spec: Arc<ChainSpec>,
    /// How to create an EVM.
    evm_config: EvmConfig,
    /// Current state for block execution.
    state: State<DB>,
    /// Utility to call system smart contracts.
    system_caller: SystemCaller<EvmConfig, ChainSpec>,
}

impl<DB, EvmConfig> EthExecutionStrategy<DB, EvmConfig>
where
    EvmConfig: Clone,
{
    /// Creates a new [`EthExecutionStrategy`]
    pub fn new(state: State<DB>, chain_spec: Arc<ChainSpec>, evm_config: EvmConfig) -> Self {
        let system_caller = SystemCaller::new(evm_config.clone(), chain_spec.clone());
        Self { state, chain_spec, evm_config, system_caller }
    }
}

impl<DB, EvmConfig> EthExecutionStrategy<DB, EvmConfig>
where
    DB: Database<Error: Into<ProviderError> + Display>,
    EvmConfig: ConfigureEvm<Header = alloy_consensus::Header>,
{
    /// Configures a new evm configuration and block environment for the given block.
    ///
    /// # Caution
    ///
    /// This does not initialize the tx environment.
    fn evm_env_for_block(
        &self,
        header: &alloy_consensus::Header,
        total_difficulty: U256,
    ) -> EnvWithHandlerCfg {
        let mut cfg = CfgEnvWithHandlerCfg::new(Default::default(), Default::default());
        let mut block_env = BlockEnv::default();
        self.evm_config.fill_cfg_and_block_env(&mut cfg, &mut block_env, header, total_difficulty);

        EnvWithHandlerCfg::new_with_cfg_env(cfg, block_env, Default::default())
    }
}

impl<DB, EvmConfig> BlockExecutionStrategy<DB> for EthExecutionStrategy<DB, EvmConfig>
where
    DB: Database<Error: Into<ProviderError> + Display>,
    EvmConfig: ConfigureEvm<Header = alloy_consensus::Header>,
{
    type Error = BlockExecutionError;

    fn apply_pre_execution_changes(
        &mut self,
        block: &BlockWithSenders,
        total_difficulty: U256,
    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
        // Set state clear flag if the block is after the Spurious Dragon hardfork.
        let state_clear_flag =
            (*self.chain_spec).is_spurious_dragon_active_at_block(block.header.number);
        self.state.set_state_clear_flag(state_clear_flag);

        let env = self.evm_env_for_block(&block.header, total_difficulty);
        let mut evm = self.evm_config.evm_with_env(&mut self.state, env);

        self.system_caller.apply_pre_execution_changes(block, &mut evm)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    fn execute_transactions(
        &mut self,
        block: &BlockWithSenders,
        total_difficulty: U256,
    ) -> Result<ExecuteOutput, Self::Error> {
        let env = self.evm_env_for_block(&block.header, total_difficulty);
        let mut evm = self.evm_config.evm_with_env(&mut self.state, env);

        let mut cumulative_gas_used = 0;
        let mut receipts = Vec::with_capacity(block.body.transactions.len());
        for (sender, transaction) in block.transactions_with_sender() {
            // The sum of the transaction’s gas limit, Tg, and the gas utilized in this block prior,
            // must be no greater than the block’s gasLimit.
            let block_available_gas = block.header.gas_limit - cumulative_gas_used;
            if transaction.gas_limit() > block_available_gas {
                return Err(BlockValidationError::TransactionGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas {
                    transaction_gas_limit: transaction.gas_limit(),
                    block_available_gas,
                }
                .into())
            }

            self.evm_config.fill_tx_env(evm.tx_mut(), transaction, *sender);

            // Execute transaction.
            let result_and_state = evm.transact().map_err(move |err| {
                let new_err = err.map_db_err(|e| e.into());
                // Ensure hash is calculated for error log, if not already done
                BlockValidationError::EVM {
                    hash: transaction.recalculate_hash(),
                    error: Box::new(new_err),
                }
            })?;
            self.system_caller.on_state(&result_and_state);
            let ResultAndState { result, state } = result_and_state;
            evm.db_mut().commit(state);

            // append gas used
            cumulative_gas_used += result.gas_used();

            // Push transaction changeset and calculate header bloom filter for receipt.
            receipts.push(
                #[allow(clippy::needless_update)] // side-effect of optimism fields
                Receipt {
                    tx_type: transaction.tx_type(),
                    // Success flag was added in `EIP-658: Embedding transaction status code in
                    // receipts`.
                    success: result.is_success(),
                    cumulative_gas_used,
                    // convert to reth log
                    logs: result.into_logs(),
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            );
        }
        Ok(ExecuteOutput { receipts, gas_used: cumulative_gas_used })
    }

    fn apply_post_execution_changes(
        &mut self,
        block: &BlockWithSenders,
        total_difficulty: U256,
        receipts: &[Receipt],
    ) -> Result<Requests, Self::Error> {
        let env = self.evm_env_for_block(&block.header, total_difficulty);
        let mut evm = self.evm_config.evm_with_env(&mut self.state, env);

        let requests = if self.chain_spec.is_prague_active_at_timestamp(block.timestamp) {
            // Collect all EIP-6110 deposits
            let deposit_requests =
                crate::eip6110::parse_deposits_from_receipts(&self.chain_spec, receipts)?;

            let mut requests = Requests::new(vec![deposit_requests]);
            requests.extend(self.system_caller.apply_post_execution_changes(&mut evm)?);
            requests
        } else {
            Requests::default()
        };
        drop(evm);

        let mut balance_increments =
            post_block_balance_increments(&self.chain_spec, block, total_difficulty);

        // Irregular state change at Ethereum DAO hardfork
        if self.chain_spec.fork(EthereumHardfork::Dao).transitions_at_block(block.number) {
            // drain balances from hardcoded addresses.
            let drained_balance: u128 = self
                .state
                .drain_balances(DAO_HARDKFORK_ACCOUNTS)
                .map_err(|_| BlockValidationError::IncrementBalanceFailed)?
                .into_iter()
                .sum();

            // return balance to DAO beneficiary.
            *balance_increments.entry(DAO_HARDFORK_BENEFICIARY).or_default() += drained_balance;
        }
        // increment balances
        self.state
            .increment_balances(balance_increments)
            .map_err(|_| BlockValidationError::IncrementBalanceFailed)?;

        Ok(requests)
    }

    fn state_ref(&self) -> &State<DB> {
        &self.state
    }

    fn state_mut(&mut self) -> &mut State<DB> {
        &mut self.state
    }

    fn with_state_hook(&mut self, hook: Option<Box<dyn OnStateHook>>) {
        self.system_caller.with_state_hook(hook);
    }

    fn validate_block_post_execution(
        &self,
        block: &BlockWithSenders,
        receipts: &[Receipt],
        requests: &Requests,
    ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
        validate_block_post_execution(block, &self.chain_spec.clone(), receipts, requests)
    }
}

/// Helper type with backwards compatible methods to obtain Ethereum executor
/// providers.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct EthExecutorProvider;

impl EthExecutorProvider {
    /// Creates a new default ethereum executor provider.
    pub fn ethereum(
        chain_spec: Arc<ChainSpec>,
    ) -> BasicBlockExecutorProvider<EthExecutionStrategyFactory> {
        BasicBlockExecutorProvider::new(EthExecutionStrategyFactory::ethereum(chain_spec))
    }

    /// Returns a new provider for the mainnet.
    pub fn mainnet() -> BasicBlockExecutorProvider<EthExecutionStrategyFactory> {
        BasicBlockExecutorProvider::new(EthExecutionStrategyFactory::mainnet())
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use alloy_consensus::{constants::ETH_TO_WEI, Header, TxLegacy};
    use alloy_eips::{
        eip2935::{HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE},
        eip4788::{BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, BEACON_ROOTS_CODE, SYSTEM_ADDRESS},
        eip7002::{WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS, WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE},
        eip7685::EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH,
    };
    use alloy_primitives::{b256, fixed_bytes, keccak256, Bytes, TxKind, B256};
    use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecBuilder, ForkCondition};
    use reth_evm::execute::{
        BasicBlockExecutorProvider, BatchExecutor, BlockExecutorProvider, Executor,
    };
    use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionOutput;
    use reth_primitives::{public_key_to_address, Account, Block, BlockBody, Transaction};
    use reth_revm::{
        database::StateProviderDatabase, test_utils::StateProviderTest, TransitionState,
    };
    use reth_testing_utils::generators::{self, sign_tx_with_key_pair};
    use revm_primitives::BLOCKHASH_SERVE_WINDOW;
    use secp256k1::{Keypair, Secp256k1};
    use std::collections::HashMap;

    fn create_state_provider_with_beacon_root_contract() -> StateProviderTest {
        let mut db = StateProviderTest::default();

        let beacon_root_contract_account = Account {
            balance: U256::ZERO,
            bytecode_hash: Some(keccak256(BEACON_ROOTS_CODE.clone())),
            nonce: 1,
        };

        db.insert_account(
            BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS,
            beacon_root_contract_account,
            Some(BEACON_ROOTS_CODE.clone()),
            HashMap::default(),
        );

        db
    }

    fn create_state_provider_with_withdrawal_requests_contract() -> StateProviderTest {
        let mut db = StateProviderTest::default();

        let withdrawal_requests_contract_account = Account {
            nonce: 1,
            balance: U256::ZERO,
            bytecode_hash: Some(keccak256(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE.clone())),
        };

        db.insert_account(
            WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS,
            withdrawal_requests_contract_account,
            Some(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE.clone()),
            HashMap::default(),
        );

        db
    }

    fn executor_provider(
        chain_spec: Arc<ChainSpec>,
    ) -> BasicBlockExecutorProvider<EthExecutionStrategyFactory> {
        let strategy_factory =
            EthExecutionStrategyFactory::new(chain_spec.clone(), EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec));

        BasicBlockExecutorProvider::new(strategy_factory)
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_4788_non_genesis_call() {
        let mut header =
            Header { timestamp: 1, number: 1, excess_blob_gas: Some(0), ..Header::default() };

        let db = create_state_provider_with_beacon_root_contract();

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);

        let mut executor = provider.batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        // attempt to execute a block without parent beacon block root, expect err
        let err = executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block {
                            header: header.clone(),
                            body: BlockBody {
                                transactions: vec![],
                                ommers: vec![],
                                withdrawals: None,
                            },
                        },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect_err(
                "Executing cancun block without parent beacon block root field should fail",
            );

        assert_eq!(
            err.as_validation().unwrap().clone(),
            BlockValidationError::MissingParentBeaconBlockRoot
        );

        // fix header, set a gas limit
        header.parent_beacon_block_root = Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69));

        // Now execute a block with the fixed header, ensure that it does not fail
        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block {
                            header: header.clone(),
                            body: BlockBody {
                                transactions: vec![],
                                ommers: vec![],
                                withdrawals: None,
                            },
                        },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        // check the actual storage of the contract - it should be:
        // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH should be
        // header.timestamp
        // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH + HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH
        //   // should be parent_beacon_block_root
        let history_buffer_length = 8191u64;
        let timestamp_index = header.timestamp % history_buffer_length;
        let parent_beacon_block_root_index =
            timestamp_index % history_buffer_length + history_buffer_length;

        let timestamp_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
            state.storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(timestamp_index)).unwrap()
        });
        assert_eq!(timestamp_storage, U256::from(header.timestamp));

        // get parent beacon block root storage and compare
        let parent_beacon_block_root_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
            state
                .storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(parent_beacon_block_root_index))
                .expect("storage value should exist")
        });
        assert_eq!(parent_beacon_block_root_storage, U256::from(0x69));
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_4788_no_code_cancun() {
        // This test ensures that we "silently fail" when cancun is active and there is no code at
        // // BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS
        let header = Header {
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 1,
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69)),
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        let db = StateProviderTest::default();

        // DON'T deploy the contract at genesis
        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);

        // attempt to execute an empty block with parent beacon block root, this should not fail
        provider
            .batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db))
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block {
                            header,
                            body: BlockBody {
                                transactions: vec![],
                                ommers: vec![],
                                withdrawals: None,
                            },
                        },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while cancun is active should not fail",
            );
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_4788_empty_account_call() {
        // This test ensures that we do not increment the nonce of an empty SYSTEM_ADDRESS account
        // // during the pre-block call

        let mut db = create_state_provider_with_beacon_root_contract();

        // insert an empty SYSTEM_ADDRESS
        db.insert_account(SYSTEM_ADDRESS, Account::default(), None, HashMap::default());

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);

        // construct the header for block one
        let header = Header {
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 1,
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69)),
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        let mut executor = provider.batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        // attempt to execute an empty block with parent beacon block root, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block {
                            header,
                            body: BlockBody {
                                transactions: vec![],
                                ommers: vec![],
                                withdrawals: None,
                            },
                        },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while cancun is active should not fail",
            );

        // ensure that the nonce of the system address account has not changed
        let nonce =
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(SYSTEM_ADDRESS).unwrap().unwrap().nonce);
        assert_eq!(nonce, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_4788_genesis_call() {
        let db = create_state_provider_with_beacon_root_contract();

        // activate cancun at genesis
        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0))
                .build(),
        );

        let mut header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        // attempt to execute the genesis block with non-zero parent beacon block root, expect err
        header.parent_beacon_block_root = Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69));
        let _err = executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block { header: header.clone(), body: Default::default() },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect_err(
                "Executing genesis cancun block with non-zero parent beacon block root field
    should fail",
            );

        // fix header
        header.parent_beacon_block_root = Some(B256::ZERO);

        // now try to process the genesis block again, this time ensuring that a system contract
        // call does not occur
        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        // there is no system contract call so there should be NO STORAGE CHANGES
        // this means we'll check the transition state
        let transition_state = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
            state
                .transition_state
                .take()
                .expect("the evm should be initialized with bundle updates")
        });

        // assert that it is the default (empty) transition state
        assert_eq!(transition_state, TransitionState::default());
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_4788_high_base_fee() {
        // This test ensures that if we have a base fee, then we don't return an error when the
        // system contract is called, due to the gas price being less than the base fee.
        let header = Header {
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 1,
            parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69)),
            base_fee_per_gas: Some(u64::MAX),
            excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        let db = create_state_provider_with_beacon_root_contract();

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);

        // execute header
        let mut executor = provider.batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        // Now execute a block with the fixed header, ensure that it does not fail
        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block { header: header.clone(), body: Default::default() },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        // check the actual storage of the contract - it should be:
        // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH should be
        // header.timestamp
        // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH + HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH
        //   // should be parent_beacon_block_root
        let history_buffer_length = 8191u64;
        let timestamp_index = header.timestamp % history_buffer_length;
        let parent_beacon_block_root_index =
            timestamp_index % history_buffer_length + history_buffer_length;

        // get timestamp storage and compare
        let timestamp_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
            state.storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(timestamp_index)).unwrap()
        });
        assert_eq!(timestamp_storage, U256::from(header.timestamp));

        // get parent beacon block root storage and compare
        let parent_beacon_block_root_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
            state.storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(parent_beacon_block_root_index)).unwrap()
        });
        assert_eq!(parent_beacon_block_root_storage, U256::from(0x69));
    }

    /// Create a state provider with blockhashes and the EIP-2935 system contract.
    fn create_state_provider_with_block_hashes(latest_block: u64) -> StateProviderTest {
        let mut db = StateProviderTest::default();
        for block_number in 0..=latest_block {
            db.insert_block_hash(block_number, keccak256(block_number.to_string()));
        }

        let blockhashes_contract_account = Account {
            balance: U256::ZERO,
            bytecode_hash: Some(keccak256(HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE.clone())),
            nonce: 1,
        };

        db.insert_account(
            HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS,
            blockhashes_contract_account,
            Some(HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE.clone()),
            HashMap::default(),
        );

        db
    }
    #[test]
    fn eip_2935_pre_fork() {
        let db = create_state_provider_with_block_hashes(1);

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Never)
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        // construct the header for block one
        let header = Header { timestamp: 1, number: 1, ..Header::default() };

        // attempt to execute an empty block, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // ensure that the block hash was *not* written to storage, since this is before the fork
        // was activated
        //
        // we load the account first, because revm expects it to be
        // loaded
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap());
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO)
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_2935_fork_activation_genesis() {
        let db = create_state_provider_with_block_hashes(0);

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0))
                .build(),
        );

        let header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        // attempt to execute genesis block, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // ensure that the block hash was *not* written to storage, since there are no blocks
        // preceding genesis
        //
        // we load the account first, because revm expects it to be
        // loaded
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap());
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO)
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_2935_fork_activation_within_window_bounds() {
        let fork_activation_block = (BLOCKHASH_SERVE_WINDOW - 10) as u64;
        let db = create_state_provider_with_block_hashes(fork_activation_block);

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let header = Header {
            parent_hash: B256::random(),
            timestamp: 1,
            number: fork_activation_block,
            requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
            ..Header::default()
        };
        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        // attempt to execute the fork activation block, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // the hash for the ancestor of the fork activation block should be present
        assert!(executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some()));
        assert_ne!(
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
                .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(fork_activation_block - 1))
                .unwrap()),
            U256::ZERO
        );

        // the hash of the block itself should not be in storage
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(fork_activation_block))
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_2935_fork_activation_outside_window_bounds() {
        let fork_activation_block = (BLOCKHASH_SERVE_WINDOW + 256) as u64;
        let db = create_state_provider_with_block_hashes(fork_activation_block);

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
                .build(),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        let header = Header {
            parent_hash: B256::random(),
            timestamp: 1,
            number: fork_activation_block,
            requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        // attempt to execute the fork activation block, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // the hash for the ancestor of the fork activation block should be present
        assert!(executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some()));
        assert_ne!(
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
                .storage(
                    HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS,
                    U256::from(fork_activation_block % BLOCKHASH_SERVE_WINDOW as u64 - 1)
                )
                .unwrap()),
            U256::ZERO
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_2935_state_transition_inside_fork() {
        let db = create_state_provider_with_block_hashes(2);

        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0))
                .build(),
        );

        let mut header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
        header.requests_hash = Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH);
        let header_hash = header.hash_slow();

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);
        let mut executor = provider.batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        // attempt to execute the genesis block, this should not fail
        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // nothing should be written as the genesis has no ancestors
        //
        // we load the account first, because revm expects it to be
        // loaded
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap());
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO)
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));

        // attempt to execute block 1, this should not fail
        let header = Header {
            parent_hash: header_hash,
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 1,
            requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
            ..Header::default()
        };
        let header_hash = header.hash_slow();

        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // the block hash of genesis should now be in storage, but not block 1
        assert!(executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some()));
        assert_ne!(
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
                .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO)
                .unwrap()),
            U256::ZERO
        );
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(1))
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));

        // attempt to execute block 2, this should not fail
        let header = Header {
            parent_hash: header_hash,
            timestamp: 1,
            number: 2,
            requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
            ..Header::default()
        };

        executor
            .execute_and_verify_one(
                (
                    &BlockWithSenders {
                        block: Block { header, body: Default::default() },
                        senders: vec![],
                    },
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .expect(
                "Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail",
            );

        // the block hash of genesis and block 1 should now be in storage, but not block 2
        assert!(executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some()));
        assert_ne!(
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
                .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO)
                .unwrap()),
            U256::ZERO
        );
        assert_ne!(
            executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
                .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(1))
                .unwrap()),
            U256::ZERO
        );
        assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(2))
            .unwrap()
            .is_zero()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn eip_7002() {
        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0))
                .build(),
        );

        let mut db = create_state_provider_with_withdrawal_requests_contract();

        let secp = Secp256k1::new();
        let sender_key_pair = Keypair::new(&secp, &mut generators::rng());
        let sender_address = public_key_to_address(sender_key_pair.public_key());

        db.insert_account(
            sender_address,
            Account { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(ETH_TO_WEI), bytecode_hash: None },
            None,
            HashMap::default(),
        );

        // https://github.com/lightclient/sys-asm/blob/9282bdb9fd64e024e27f60f507486ffb2183cba2/test/Withdrawal.t.sol.in#L36
        let validator_public_key = fixed_bytes!("111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111");
        let withdrawal_amount = fixed_bytes!("0203040506070809");
        let input: Bytes = [&validator_public_key[..], &withdrawal_amount[..]].concat().into();
        assert_eq!(input.len(), 56);

        let mut header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
        header.gas_limit = 1_500_000;
        // measured
        header.gas_used = 135_856;
        header.receipts_root =
            b256!("b31a3e47b902e9211c4d349af4e4c5604ce388471e79ca008907ae4616bb0ed3");

        let tx = sign_tx_with_key_pair(
            sender_key_pair,
            Transaction::Legacy(TxLegacy {
                chain_id: Some(chain_spec.chain.id()),
                nonce: 1,
                gas_price: header.base_fee_per_gas.unwrap().into(),
                gas_limit: header.gas_used,
                to: TxKind::Call(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS),
                // `MIN_WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_FEE`
                value: U256::from(2),
                input,
            }),
        );

        let provider = executor_provider(chain_spec);

        let executor = provider.executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        let BlockExecutionOutput { receipts, requests, .. } = executor
            .execute(
                (
                    &Block {
                        header,
                        body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![tx], ..Default::default() },
                    }
                    .with_recovered_senders()
                    .unwrap(),
                    U256::ZERO,
                )
                    .into(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        let receipt = receipts.first().unwrap();
        assert!(receipt.success);

        assert!(requests[0].is_empty(), "there should be no deposits");
        assert!(!requests[1].is_empty(), "there should be a withdrawal");
        assert!(requests[2].is_empty(), "there should be no consolidations");
    }

    #[test]
    fn block_gas_limit_error() {
        // Create a chain specification with fork conditions set for Prague
        let chain_spec = Arc::new(
            ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
                .shanghai_activated()
                .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0))
                .build(),
        );

        // Create a state provider with the withdrawal requests contract pre-deployed
        let mut db = create_state_provider_with_withdrawal_requests_contract();

        // Initialize Secp256k1 for key pair generation
        let secp = Secp256k1::new();
        // Generate a new key pair for the sender
        let sender_key_pair = Keypair::new(&secp, &mut generators::rng());
        // Get the sender's address from the public key
        let sender_address = public_key_to_address(sender_key_pair.public_key());

        // Insert the sender account into the state with a nonce of 1 and a balance of 1 ETH in Wei
        db.insert_account(
            sender_address,
            Account { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(ETH_TO_WEI), bytecode_hash: None },
            None,
            HashMap::default(),
        );

        // Define the validator public key and withdrawal amount as fixed bytes
        let validator_public_key = fixed_bytes!("111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111");
        let withdrawal_amount = fixed_bytes!("2222222222222222");
        // Concatenate the validator public key and withdrawal amount into a single byte array
        let input: Bytes = [&validator_public_key[..], &withdrawal_amount[..]].concat().into();
        // Ensure the input length is 56 bytes
        assert_eq!(input.len(), 56);

        // Create a genesis block header with a specified gas limit and gas used
        let mut header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
        header.gas_limit = 1_500_000;
        header.gas_used = 134_807;
        header.receipts_root =
            b256!("b31a3e47b902e9211c4d349af4e4c5604ce388471e79ca008907ae4616bb0ed3");

        // Create a transaction with a gas limit higher than the block gas limit
        let tx = sign_tx_with_key_pair(
            sender_key_pair,
            Transaction::Legacy(TxLegacy {
                chain_id: Some(chain_spec.chain.id()),
                nonce: 1,
                gas_price: header.base_fee_per_gas.unwrap().into(),
                gas_limit: 2_500_000, // higher than block gas limit
                to: TxKind::Call(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS),
                value: U256::from(1),
                input,
            }),
        );

        // Create an executor from the state provider
        let executor = executor_provider(chain_spec).executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(&db));

        // Execute the block and capture the result
        let exec_result = executor.execute(
            (
                &Block { header, body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![tx], ..Default::default() } }
                    .with_recovered_senders()
                    .unwrap(),
                U256::ZERO,
            )
                .into(),
        );

        // Check if the execution result is an error and assert the specific error type
        match exec_result {
            Ok(_) => panic!("Expected block gas limit error"),
            Err(err) => assert_eq!(
                *err.as_validation().unwrap(),
                BlockValidationError::TransactionGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas {
                    transaction_gas_limit: 2_500_000,
                    block_available_gas: 1_500_000,
                }
            ),
        }
    }
}