reth_provider/providers/state/

historical.rs

use crate::{
    AccountReader, BlockHashReader, ChangeSetReader, EitherReader, HashedPostStateProvider,
    ProviderError, RocksDBProviderFactory, StateProvider, StateRootProvider,
};
use alloy_eips::merge::EPOCH_SLOTS;
use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockNumber, Bytes, StorageKey, StorageValue, B256};
use reth_db_api::{
    cursor::{DbCursorRO, DbDupCursorRO},
    table::Table,
    tables,
    transaction::DbTx,
    BlockNumberList,
};
use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, Bytecode};
use reth_storage_api::{
    BlockNumReader, BytecodeReader, DBProvider, NodePrimitivesProvider, StateProofProvider,
    StorageChangeSetReader, StorageRootProvider, StorageSettingsCache,
};
use reth_storage_errors::provider::ProviderResult;
use reth_trie::{
    hashed_cursor::HashedPostStateCursorFactory,
    proof::{Proof, StorageProof},
    trie_cursor::InMemoryTrieCursorFactory,
    updates::TrieUpdates,
    witness::TrieWitness,
    AccountProof, ExecutionWitnessMode, HashedPostState, HashedPostStateSorted, HashedStorage,
    KeccakKeyHasher, MultiProof, MultiProofTargets, StateRoot, StorageMultiProof, StorageRoot,
    TrieInput, TrieInputSorted,
};
use reth_trie_db::{
    hashed_storage_from_reverts_with_provider, DatabaseProof, DatabaseStateRoot,
    DatabaseStorageProof, DatabaseStorageRoot,
};

use std::fmt::Debug;

type DbStateRoot<'a, TX, A> = StateRoot<
    reth_trie_db::DatabaseTrieCursorFactory<&'a TX, A>,
    reth_trie_db::DatabaseHashedCursorFactory<&'a TX>,
>;
type DbStorageRoot<'a, TX, A> = StorageRoot<
    reth_trie_db::DatabaseTrieCursorFactory<&'a TX, A>,
    reth_trie_db::DatabaseHashedCursorFactory<&'a TX>,
>;
type DbStorageProof<'a, TX, A> = StorageProof<
    'static,
    reth_trie_db::DatabaseTrieCursorFactory<&'a TX, A>,
    reth_trie_db::DatabaseHashedCursorFactory<&'a TX>,
>;
type DbProof<'a, TX, A> = Proof<
    reth_trie_db::DatabaseTrieCursorFactory<&'a TX, A>,
    reth_trie_db::DatabaseHashedCursorFactory<&'a TX>,
>;

/// Result of a history lookup for an account or storage slot.
///
/// Indicates where to find the historical value for a given key at a specific block.
#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum HistoryInfo {
    /// The key is written to, but only after our block (not yet written at the target block). Or
    /// it has never been written.
    NotYetWritten,
    /// The chunk contains an entry for a write after our block at the given block number.
    /// The value should be looked up in the changeset at this block.
    InChangeset(u64),
    /// The chunk does not contain an entry for a write after our block. This can only
    /// happen if this is the last chunk, so we need to look in the plain state.
    InPlainState,
    /// The key may have been written, but due to pruning we may not have changesets and
    /// history, so we need to make a plain state lookup.
    MaybeInPlainState,
}

impl HistoryInfo {
    /// Determines where to find the historical value based on computed shard lookup results.
    ///
    /// This is a pure function shared by both MDBX and `RocksDB` backends.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    /// * `found_block` - The block number from the shard lookup
    /// * `is_before_first_write` - True if the target block is before the first write to this key.
    ///   This should be computed as: `rank == 0 && found_block != Some(block_number) &&
    ///   !has_previous_shard` where `has_previous_shard` comes from a lazy `cursor.prev()` check.
    /// * `lowest_available` - Lowest block where history is available (pruning boundary)
    pub const fn from_lookup(
        found_block: Option<u64>,
        is_before_first_write: bool,
        lowest_available: Option<BlockNumber>,
    ) -> Self {
        if is_before_first_write {
            if let (Some(_), Some(block_number)) = (lowest_available, found_block) {
                // The key may have been written, but due to pruning we may not have changesets
                // and history, so we need to make a changeset lookup.
                return Self::InChangeset(block_number)
            }
            // The key is written to, but only after our block.
            return Self::NotYetWritten
        }

        if let Some(block_number) = found_block {
            // The chunk contains an entry for a write after our block, return it.
            Self::InChangeset(block_number)
        } else {
            // The chunk does not contain an entry for a write after our block. This can only
            // happen if this is the last chunk and so we need to look in the plain state.
            Self::InPlainState
        }
    }
}

/// State provider for a given block number which takes a tx reference.
///
/// Historical state provider accesses the state at the start of the provided block number.
/// It means that all changes made in the provided block number are not included.
///
/// Historical state provider reads the following tables:
/// - [`tables::AccountsHistory`]
/// - [`tables::Bytecodes`]
/// - [`tables::StoragesHistory`]
/// - [`tables::AccountChangeSets`]
/// - [`tables::StorageChangeSets`]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct HistoricalStateProviderRef<'b, Provider> {
    /// Database provider
    provider: &'b Provider,
    /// Block number is main index for the history state of accounts and storages.
    block_number: BlockNumber,
    /// Lowest blocks at which different parts of the state are available.
    lowest_available_blocks: LowestAvailableBlocks,
}

impl<'b, Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + BlockNumReader>
    HistoricalStateProviderRef<'b, Provider>
{
    /// Create new `StateProvider` for historical block number
    pub fn new(provider: &'b Provider, block_number: BlockNumber) -> Self {
        Self { provider, block_number, lowest_available_blocks: Default::default() }
    }

    /// Create new `StateProvider` for historical block number and lowest block numbers at which
    /// account & storage histories are available.
    pub const fn new_with_lowest_available_blocks(
        provider: &'b Provider,
        block_number: BlockNumber,
        lowest_available_blocks: LowestAvailableBlocks,
    ) -> Self {
        Self { provider, block_number, lowest_available_blocks }
    }

    /// Lookup an account in the `AccountsHistory` table using `EitherReader`.
    pub fn account_history_lookup(&self, address: Address) -> ProviderResult<HistoryInfo>
    where
        Provider: StorageSettingsCache + RocksDBProviderFactory + NodePrimitivesProvider,
    {
        if !self.lowest_available_blocks.is_account_history_available(self.block_number) {
            return Err(ProviderError::StateAtBlockPruned(self.block_number))
        }

        let visible_tip = self.provider.best_block_number()?;

        self.provider.with_rocksdb_snapshot(|rocksdb_ref| {
            let mut reader = EitherReader::new_accounts_history(self.provider, rocksdb_ref)?;
            reader.account_history_info(
                address,
                self.block_number,
                self.lowest_available_blocks.account_history_block_number,
                visible_tip,
            )
        })
    }

    /// Lookup a storage key in the `StoragesHistory` table using `EitherReader`.
    ///
    /// `lookup_key` is always a plain (unhashed) storage key.
    pub fn storage_history_lookup(
        &self,
        address: Address,
        lookup_key: B256,
    ) -> ProviderResult<HistoryInfo>
    where
        Provider: StorageSettingsCache + RocksDBProviderFactory + NodePrimitivesProvider,
    {
        if !self.lowest_available_blocks.is_storage_history_available(self.block_number) {
            return Err(ProviderError::StateAtBlockPruned(self.block_number))
        }

        let visible_tip = self.provider.best_block_number()?;

        self.provider.with_rocksdb_snapshot(|rocksdb_ref| {
            let mut reader = EitherReader::new_storages_history(self.provider, rocksdb_ref)?;
            reader.storage_history_info(
                address,
                lookup_key,
                self.block_number,
                self.lowest_available_blocks.storage_history_block_number,
                visible_tip,
            )
        })
    }

    /// Resolves a storage value by looking up the given key in history, changesets, or
    /// plain state.
    ///
    /// `lookup_key` is always a plain (unhashed) storage key.
    fn storage_by_lookup_key(
        &self,
        address: Address,
        lookup_key: B256,
    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<StorageValue>>
    where
        Provider: StorageSettingsCache + RocksDBProviderFactory + NodePrimitivesProvider,
    {
        match self.storage_history_lookup(address, lookup_key)? {
            HistoryInfo::NotYetWritten => Ok(None),
            HistoryInfo::InChangeset(changeset_block_number) => self
                .provider
                .get_storage_before_block(changeset_block_number, address, lookup_key)?
                .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::StorageChangesetNotFound {
                    block_number: changeset_block_number,
                    address,
                    storage_key: Box::new(lookup_key),
                })
                .map(|entry| entry.value)
                .map(Some),
            HistoryInfo::InPlainState | HistoryInfo::MaybeInPlainState => {
                if self.provider.cached_storage_settings().use_hashed_state() {
                    let hashed_address = alloy_primitives::keccak256(address);
                    let hashed_slot = alloy_primitives::keccak256(lookup_key);
                    Ok(self
                        .tx()
                        .cursor_dup_read::<tables::HashedStorages>()?
                        .seek_by_key_subkey(hashed_address, hashed_slot)?
                        .filter(|entry| entry.key == hashed_slot)
                        .map(|entry| entry.value)
                        .or(Some(StorageValue::ZERO)))
                } else {
                    Ok(self
                        .tx()
                        .cursor_dup_read::<tables::PlainStorageState>()?
                        .seek_by_key_subkey(address, lookup_key)?
                        .filter(|entry| entry.key == lookup_key)
                        .map(|entry| entry.value)
                        .or(Some(StorageValue::ZERO)))
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Checks and returns `true` if distance to historical block exceeds the provided limit.
    fn check_distance_against_limit(&self, limit: u64) -> ProviderResult<bool> {
        let tip = self.provider.last_block_number()?;

        Ok(tip.saturating_sub(self.block_number) > limit)
    }

    /// Retrieve revert hashed state for this history provider.
    fn revert_state(&self) -> ProviderResult<HashedPostStateSorted>
    where
        Provider: StorageSettingsCache,
    {
        if !self.lowest_available_blocks.is_account_history_available(self.block_number) ||
            !self.lowest_available_blocks.is_storage_history_available(self.block_number)
        {
            return Err(ProviderError::StateAtBlockPruned(self.block_number))
        }

        if self.check_distance_against_limit(EPOCH_SLOTS)? {
            tracing::warn!(
                target: "providers::historical_sp",
                target = self.block_number,
                "Attempt to calculate state root for an old block might result in OOM"
            );
        }

        reth_trie_db::from_reverts_auto(self.provider, self.block_number..)
    }

    /// Retrieve revert hashed storage for this history provider and target address.
    fn revert_storage(&self, address: Address) -> ProviderResult<HashedStorage>
    where
        Provider: StorageSettingsCache,
    {
        if !self.lowest_available_blocks.is_storage_history_available(self.block_number) {
            return Err(ProviderError::StateAtBlockPruned(self.block_number))
        }

        if self.check_distance_against_limit(EPOCH_SLOTS * 10)? {
            tracing::warn!(
                target: "providers::historical_sp",
                target = self.block_number,
                "Attempt to calculate storage root for an old block might result in OOM"
            );
        }

        hashed_storage_from_reverts_with_provider(self.provider, address, self.block_number)
    }

    /// Set the lowest block number at which the account history is available.
    pub const fn with_lowest_available_account_history_block_number(
        mut self,
        block_number: BlockNumber,
    ) -> Self {
        self.lowest_available_blocks.account_history_block_number = Some(block_number);
        self
    }

    /// Set the lowest block number at which the storage history is available.
    pub const fn with_lowest_available_storage_history_block_number(
        mut self,
        block_number: BlockNumber,
    ) -> Self {
        self.lowest_available_blocks.storage_history_block_number = Some(block_number);
        self
    }
}

impl<Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader> HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider> {
    fn tx(&self) -> &Provider::Tx {
        self.provider.tx_ref()
    }
}

impl<
        Provider: DBProvider
            + BlockNumReader
            + ChangeSetReader
            + StorageChangeSetReader
            + StorageSettingsCache
            + RocksDBProviderFactory
            + NodePrimitivesProvider,
    > AccountReader for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
{
    /// Get basic account information.
    fn basic_account(&self, address: &Address) -> ProviderResult<Option<Account>> {
        match self.account_history_lookup(*address)? {
            HistoryInfo::NotYetWritten => Ok(None),
            HistoryInfo::InChangeset(changeset_block_number) => {
                // Use ChangeSetReader trait method to get the account from changesets
                self.provider
                    .get_account_before_block(changeset_block_number, *address)?
                    .ok_or(ProviderError::AccountChangesetNotFound {
                        block_number: changeset_block_number,
                        address: *address,
                    })
                    .map(|account_before| account_before.info)
            }
            HistoryInfo::InPlainState | HistoryInfo::MaybeInPlainState => {
                if self.provider.cached_storage_settings().use_hashed_state() {
                    let hashed_address = alloy_primitives::keccak256(address);
                    Ok(self.tx().get_by_encoded_key::<tables::HashedAccounts>(&hashed_address)?)
                } else {
                    Ok(self.tx().get_by_encoded_key::<tables::PlainAccountState>(address)?)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader + BlockHashReader> BlockHashReader
    for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
{
    /// Get block hash by number.
    fn block_hash(&self, number: u64) -> ProviderResult<Option<B256>> {
        self.provider.block_hash(number)
    }

    fn canonical_hashes_range(
        &self,
        start: BlockNumber,
        end: BlockNumber,
    ) -> ProviderResult<Vec<B256>> {
        self.provider.canonical_hashes_range(start, end)
    }
}

impl<
        Provider: DBProvider
            + ChangeSetReader
            + StorageChangeSetReader
            + BlockNumReader
            + StorageSettingsCache,
    > StateRootProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
{
    fn state_root(&self, hashed_state: HashedPostState) -> ProviderResult<B256> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
            let mut revert_state = self.revert_state()?;
            let hashed_state_sorted = hashed_state.into_sorted();
            revert_state.extend_ref_and_sort(&hashed_state_sorted);
            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root(self.tx(), &revert_state)?)
        })
    }

    fn state_root_from_nodes(&self, input: TrieInput) -> ProviderResult<B256> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
            let mut input = input;
            input.prepend(self.revert_state()?.into());
            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root_from_nodes(
                self.tx(),
                TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(input),
            )?)
        })
    }

    fn state_root_with_updates(
        &self,
        hashed_state: HashedPostState,
    ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
            let mut revert_state = self.revert_state()?;
            let hashed_state_sorted = hashed_state.into_sorted();
            revert_state.extend_ref_and_sort(&hashed_state_sorted);
            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root_with_updates(self.tx(), &revert_state)?)
        })
    }

    fn state_root_from_nodes_with_updates(
        &self,
        input: TrieInput,
    ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
            let mut input = input;
            input.prepend(self.revert_state()?.into());
            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root_from_nodes_with_updates(
                self.tx(),
                TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(input),
            )?)
        })
    }
}

impl<
        Provider: DBProvider
            + ChangeSetReader
            + StorageChangeSetReader
            + BlockNumReader
            + StorageSettingsCache,
    > StorageRootProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
{
    fn storage_root(
        &self,
        address: Address,
        hashed_storage: HashedStorage,
    ) -> ProviderResult<B256> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
            let mut revert_storage = self.revert_storage(address)?;
            revert_storage.extend(&hashed_storage);
            <DbStorageRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root(self.tx(), address, revert_storage)
                .map_err(|err| ProviderError::Database(err.into()))
        })
    }

    fn storage_proof(
        &self,
        address: Address,
        slot: B256,
        hashed_storage: HashedStorage,
    ) -> ProviderResult<reth_trie::StorageProof> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
            let mut revert_storage = self.revert_storage(address)?;
            revert_storage.extend(&hashed_storage);
            <DbStorageProof<'_, _, A>>::overlay_storage_proof(
                self.tx(),
                address,
                slot,
                revert_storage,
            )
            .map_err(ProviderError::from)
        })
    }

    fn storage_multiproof(
        &self,
        address: Address,
        slots: &[B256],
        hashed_storage: HashedStorage,
    ) -> ProviderResult<StorageMultiProof> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
            let mut revert_storage = self.revert_storage(address)?;
            revert_storage.extend(&hashed_storage);
            <DbStorageProof<'_, _, A>>::overlay_storage_multiproof(
                self.tx(),
                address,
                slots,
                revert_storage,
            )
            .map_err(ProviderError::from)
        })
    }
}

impl<
        Provider: DBProvider
            + ChangeSetReader
            + StorageChangeSetReader
            + BlockNumReader
            + StorageSettingsCache,
    > StateProofProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
{
    /// Get account and storage proofs.
    fn proof(
        &self,
        input: TrieInput,
        address: Address,
        slots: &[B256],
    ) -> ProviderResult<AccountProof> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
            let mut input = input;
            input.prepend(self.revert_state()?.into());
            let proof = <DbProof<'_, _, A> as DatabaseProof>::from_tx(self.tx());
            proof.overlay_account_proof(input, address, slots).map_err(ProviderError::from)
        })
    }

    fn multiproof(
        &self,
        input: TrieInput,
        targets: MultiProofTargets,
    ) -> ProviderResult<MultiProof> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
            let mut input = input;
            input.prepend(self.revert_state()?.into());
            let proof = <DbProof<'_, _, A> as DatabaseProof>::from_tx(self.tx());
            proof.overlay_multiproof(input, targets).map_err(ProviderError::from)
        })
    }

    fn witness(
        &self,
        input: TrieInput,
        target: HashedPostState,
        mode: ExecutionWitnessMode,
    ) -> ProviderResult<Vec<Bytes>> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
            let mut input = input;
            input.prepend(self.revert_state()?.into());
            let nodes_sorted = input.nodes.into_sorted();
            let state_sorted = input.state.into_sorted();
            let witness = TrieWitness::new(
                InMemoryTrieCursorFactory::new(
                    reth_trie_db::DatabaseTrieCursorFactory::<_, A>::new(self.tx()),
                    &nodes_sorted,
                ),
                HashedPostStateCursorFactory::new(
                    reth_trie_db::DatabaseHashedCursorFactory::new(self.tx()),
                    &state_sorted,
                ),
            )
            .with_prefix_sets_mut(input.prefix_sets)
            .with_execution_witness_mode(mode);
            let witness =
                if mode.is_canonical() { witness } else { witness.always_include_root_node() };
            witness.compute(target).map_err(ProviderError::from).map(|hm| {
                let mut values: Vec<_> = hm.into_values().collect();
                if mode.is_canonical() {
                    values.sort_unstable();
                }
                values
            })
        })
    }
}

impl<Provider> HashedPostStateProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider> {
    fn hashed_post_state(&self, bundle_state: &revm_database::BundleState) -> HashedPostState {
        HashedPostState::from_bundle_state::<KeccakKeyHasher>(bundle_state.state())
    }
}

impl<
        Provider: DBProvider
            + BlockNumReader
            + BlockHashReader
            + ChangeSetReader
            + StorageChangeSetReader
            + StorageSettingsCache
            + RocksDBProviderFactory
            + NodePrimitivesProvider,
    > StateProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
{
    /// Expects a plain (unhashed) storage key slot.
    fn storage(
        &self,
        address: Address,
        storage_key: StorageKey,
    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<StorageValue>> {
        self.storage_by_lookup_key(address, storage_key)
    }
}

impl<Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader> BytecodeReader
    for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
{
    /// Get account code by its hash
    fn bytecode_by_hash(&self, code_hash: &B256) -> ProviderResult<Option<Bytecode>> {
        self.tx().get_by_encoded_key::<tables::Bytecodes>(code_hash).map_err(Into::into)
    }
}

/// State provider for a given block number.
/// For more detailed description, see [`HistoricalStateProviderRef`].
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct HistoricalStateProvider<Provider> {
    /// Database provider.
    provider: Provider,
    /// State at the block number is the main indexer of the state.
    block_number: BlockNumber,
    /// Lowest blocks at which different parts of the state are available.
    lowest_available_blocks: LowestAvailableBlocks,
}

impl<Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + BlockNumReader>
    HistoricalStateProvider<Provider>
{
    /// Create new `StateProvider` for historical block number
    pub fn new(provider: Provider, block_number: BlockNumber) -> Self {
        Self { provider, block_number, lowest_available_blocks: Default::default() }
    }

    /// Set the lowest block number at which the account history is available.
    pub const fn with_lowest_available_account_history_block_number(
        mut self,
        block_number: BlockNumber,
    ) -> Self {
        self.lowest_available_blocks.account_history_block_number = Some(block_number);
        self
    }

    /// Set the lowest block number at which the storage history is available.
    pub const fn with_lowest_available_storage_history_block_number(
        mut self,
        block_number: BlockNumber,
    ) -> Self {
        self.lowest_available_blocks.storage_history_block_number = Some(block_number);
        self
    }

    /// Returns a new provider that takes the `TX` as reference
    #[inline(always)]
    const fn as_ref(&self) -> HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider> {
        HistoricalStateProviderRef::new_with_lowest_available_blocks(
            &self.provider,
            self.block_number,
            self.lowest_available_blocks,
        )
    }
}

// Delegates all provider impls to [HistoricalStateProviderRef]
reth_storage_api::macros::delegate_provider_impls!(HistoricalStateProvider<Provider> where [Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader + BlockHashReader + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + StorageSettingsCache + RocksDBProviderFactory + NodePrimitivesProvider]);

/// Lowest blocks at which different parts of the state are available.
/// They may be [Some] if pruning is enabled.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
pub struct LowestAvailableBlocks {
    /// Lowest block number at which the account history is available. It may not be available if
    /// [`reth_prune_types::PruneSegment::AccountHistory`] was pruned.
    /// [`Option::None`] means all history is available.
    pub account_history_block_number: Option<BlockNumber>,
    /// Lowest block number at which the storage history is available. It may not be available if
    /// [`reth_prune_types::PruneSegment::StorageHistory`] was pruned.
    /// [`Option::None`] means all history is available.
    pub storage_history_block_number: Option<BlockNumber>,
}

impl LowestAvailableBlocks {
    /// Check if account history is available at the provided block number, i.e. lowest available
    /// block number for account history is less than or equal to the provided block number.
    pub fn is_account_history_available(&self, at: BlockNumber) -> bool {
        self.account_history_block_number.map(|block_number| block_number <= at).unwrap_or(true)
    }

    /// Check if storage history is available at the provided block number, i.e. lowest available
    /// block number for storage history is less than or equal to the provided block number.
    pub fn is_storage_history_available(&self, at: BlockNumber) -> bool {
        self.storage_history_block_number.map(|block_number| block_number <= at).unwrap_or(true)
    }
}

/// Computes the rank and finds the next modification block in a history shard.
///
/// Given a `block_number`, this function returns:
/// - `rank`: The number of entries strictly before `block_number` in the shard
/// - `found_block`: The block number at position `rank` (i.e., the first block >= `block_number`
///   where a modification occurred), or `None` if `rank` is out of bounds
///
/// The rank is adjusted when `block_number` exactly matches an entry in the shard,
/// so that `found_block` always returns the modification at or after the target.
///
/// This logic is shared between MDBX cursor-based lookups and `RocksDB` iterator lookups.
#[inline]
pub fn compute_history_rank(
    chunk: &reth_db_api::BlockNumberList,
    block_number: BlockNumber,
) -> (u64, Option<u64>) {
    let mut rank = chunk.rank(block_number);
    // `rank(block_number)` returns count of entries <= block_number.
    // We want the first entry >= block_number, so if block_number is in the shard,
    // we need to step back one position to point at it (not past it).
    if rank.checked_sub(1).and_then(|r| chunk.select(r)) == Some(block_number) {
        rank -= 1;
    }
    (rank, chunk.select(rank))
}

/// Checks if a previous shard lookup is needed to determine if we're before the first write.
///
/// Returns `true` when `rank == 0` (first entry in shard) and the found block doesn't match
/// the target block number. In this case, we need to check if there's a previous shard.
#[inline]
pub fn needs_prev_shard_check(
    rank: u64,
    found_block: Option<u64>,
    block_number: BlockNumber,
) -> bool {
    rank == 0 && found_block != Some(block_number)
}

/// Generic history lookup for sharded history tables.
///
/// Seeks to the shard containing `block_number`, verifies the key via `key_filter`,
/// and checks previous shard to detect if we're before the first write.
pub fn history_info<T, K, C>(
    cursor: &mut C,
    key: K,
    block_number: BlockNumber,
    key_filter: impl Fn(&K) -> bool,
    lowest_available_block_number: Option<BlockNumber>,
) -> ProviderResult<HistoryInfo>
where
    T: Table<Key = K, Value = BlockNumberList>,
    C: DbCursorRO<T>,
{
    // Lookup the history chunk in the history index. If the key does not appear in the
    // index, the first chunk for the next key will be returned so we filter out chunks that
    // have a different key.
    if let Some(chunk) = cursor.seek(key)?.filter(|(k, _)| key_filter(k)).map(|x| x.1) {
        let (rank, found_block) = compute_history_rank(&chunk, block_number);

        // If our block is before the first entry in the index chunk and this first entry
        // doesn't equal to our block, it might be before the first write ever. To check, we
        // look at the previous entry and check if the key is the same.
        // This check is worth it, the `cursor.prev()` check is rarely triggered (the if will
        // short-circuit) and when it passes we save a full seek into the changeset/plain state
        // table.
        let is_before_first_write = needs_prev_shard_check(rank, found_block, block_number) &&
            !cursor.prev()?.is_some_and(|(k, _)| key_filter(&k));

        Ok(HistoryInfo::from_lookup(
            found_block,
            is_before_first_write,
            lowest_available_block_number,
        ))
    } else if lowest_available_block_number.is_some() {
        // The key may have been written, but due to pruning we may not have changesets and
        // history, so we need to make a plain state lookup.
        Ok(HistoryInfo::MaybeInPlainState)
    } else {
        // The key has not been written to at all.
        Ok(HistoryInfo::NotYetWritten)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::needs_prev_shard_check;
    use crate::{
        providers::state::historical::{HistoryInfo, LowestAvailableBlocks},
        test_utils::create_test_provider_factory,
        AccountReader, HistoricalStateProvider, HistoricalStateProviderRef, RocksDBProviderFactory,
        StateProvider,
    };
    use alloy_primitives::{address, b256, Address, B256, U256};
    use reth_db_api::{
        models::{storage_sharded_key::StorageShardedKey, AccountBeforeTx, ShardedKey},
        tables,
        transaction::{DbTx, DbTxMut},
        BlockNumberList,
    };
    use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, StorageEntry};
    use reth_storage_api::{
        BlockHashReader, BlockNumReader, ChangeSetReader, DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory,
        NodePrimitivesProvider, StorageChangeSetReader, StorageSettingsCache,
    };
    use reth_storage_errors::provider::ProviderError;

    const ADDRESS: Address = address!("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001");
    const HIGHER_ADDRESS: Address = address!("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005");
    const STORAGE: B256 =
        b256!("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001");

    const fn assert_state_provider<T: StateProvider>() {}
    #[expect(dead_code)]
    const fn assert_historical_state_provider<
        T: DBProvider
            + BlockNumReader
            + BlockHashReader
            + ChangeSetReader
            + StorageChangeSetReader
            + StorageSettingsCache
            + RocksDBProviderFactory
            + NodePrimitivesProvider,
    >() {
        assert_state_provider::<HistoricalStateProvider<T>>();
    }

    #[test]
    fn history_provider_get_account() {
        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
        let tx = factory.provider_rw().unwrap().into_tx();

        tx.put::<tables::AccountsHistory>(
            ShardedKey { key: ADDRESS, highest_block_number: 7 },
            BlockNumberList::new([1, 3, 7]).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::AccountsHistory>(
            ShardedKey { key: ADDRESS, highest_block_number: u64::MAX },
            BlockNumberList::new([10, 15]).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::AccountsHistory>(
            ShardedKey { key: HIGHER_ADDRESS, highest_block_number: u64::MAX },
            BlockNumberList::new([4]).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        let acc_plain = Account { nonce: 100, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };
        let acc_at15 = Account { nonce: 15, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };
        let acc_at10 = Account { nonce: 10, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };
        let acc_at7 = Account { nonce: 7, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };
        let acc_at3 = Account { nonce: 3, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };

        let higher_acc_plain = Account { nonce: 4, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };

        // setup
        tx.put::<tables::AccountChangeSets>(1, AccountBeforeTx { address: ADDRESS, info: None })
            .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::AccountChangeSets>(
            3,
            AccountBeforeTx { address: ADDRESS, info: Some(acc_at3) },
        )
        .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::AccountChangeSets>(
            4,
            AccountBeforeTx { address: HIGHER_ADDRESS, info: None },
        )
        .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::AccountChangeSets>(
            7,
            AccountBeforeTx { address: ADDRESS, info: Some(acc_at7) },
        )
        .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::AccountChangeSets>(
            10,
            AccountBeforeTx { address: ADDRESS, info: Some(acc_at10) },
        )
        .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::AccountChangeSets>(
            15,
            AccountBeforeTx { address: ADDRESS, info: Some(acc_at15) },
        )
        .unwrap();

        // setup plain state
        tx.put::<tables::PlainAccountState>(ADDRESS, acc_plain).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::PlainAccountState>(HIGHER_ADDRESS, higher_acc_plain).unwrap();
        tx.commit().unwrap();

        let db = factory.provider().unwrap();

        // run
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
            Ok(None)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 2).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
            Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at3
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
            Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at3
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
            Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at7
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
            Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at7
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
            Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at10
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
            Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at10
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
            Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at15
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
            Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_plain
        ));

        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1).basic_account(&HIGHER_ADDRESS),
            Ok(None)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000).basic_account(&HIGHER_ADDRESS),
            Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == higher_acc_plain
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn history_provider_get_storage() {
        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
        let tx = factory.provider_rw().unwrap().into_tx();

        tx.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(
            StorageShardedKey {
                address: ADDRESS,
                sharded_key: ShardedKey { key: STORAGE, highest_block_number: 7 },
            },
            BlockNumberList::new([3, 7]).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(
            StorageShardedKey {
                address: ADDRESS,
                sharded_key: ShardedKey { key: STORAGE, highest_block_number: u64::MAX },
            },
            BlockNumberList::new([10, 15]).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(
            StorageShardedKey {
                address: HIGHER_ADDRESS,
                sharded_key: ShardedKey { key: STORAGE, highest_block_number: u64::MAX },
            },
            BlockNumberList::new([4]).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        let higher_entry_plain = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(1000) };
        let higher_entry_at4 = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(0) };
        let entry_plain = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(100) };
        let entry_at15 = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(15) };
        let entry_at10 = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(10) };
        let entry_at7 = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(7) };
        let entry_at3 = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(0) };

        // setup
        tx.put::<tables::StorageChangeSets>((3, ADDRESS).into(), entry_at3).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StorageChangeSets>((4, HIGHER_ADDRESS).into(), higher_entry_at4).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StorageChangeSets>((7, ADDRESS).into(), entry_at7).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StorageChangeSets>((10, ADDRESS).into(), entry_at10).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StorageChangeSets>((15, ADDRESS).into(), entry_at15).unwrap();

        // setup plain state
        tx.put::<tables::PlainStorageState>(ADDRESS, entry_plain).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::PlainStorageState>(HIGHER_ADDRESS, higher_entry_plain).unwrap();
        tx.commit().unwrap();

        let db = factory.provider().unwrap();

        // run
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 0).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(None)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(U256::ZERO))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at7.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at7.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at10.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at10.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at15.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_plain.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(None)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == higher_entry_plain.value
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn history_provider_unavailable() {
        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
        let db = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();

        // provider block_number < lowest available block number,
        // i.e. state at provider block is pruned
        let provider = HistoricalStateProviderRef::new_with_lowest_available_blocks(
            &db,
            2,
            LowestAvailableBlocks {
                account_history_block_number: Some(3),
                storage_history_block_number: Some(3),
            },
        );
        assert!(matches!(
            provider.account_history_lookup(ADDRESS),
            Err(ProviderError::StateAtBlockPruned(number)) if number == provider.block_number
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            provider.storage_history_lookup(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Err(ProviderError::StateAtBlockPruned(number)) if number == provider.block_number
        ));

        // provider block_number == lowest available block number,
        // i.e. state at provider block is available
        let provider = HistoricalStateProviderRef::new_with_lowest_available_blocks(
            &db,
            2,
            LowestAvailableBlocks {
                account_history_block_number: Some(2),
                storage_history_block_number: Some(2),
            },
        );
        assert!(matches!(
            provider.account_history_lookup(ADDRESS),
            Ok(HistoryInfo::MaybeInPlainState)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            provider.storage_history_lookup(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(HistoryInfo::MaybeInPlainState)
        ));

        // provider block_number == lowest available block number,
        // i.e. state at provider block is available
        let provider = HistoricalStateProviderRef::new_with_lowest_available_blocks(
            &db,
            2,
            LowestAvailableBlocks {
                account_history_block_number: Some(1),
                storage_history_block_number: Some(1),
            },
        );
        assert!(matches!(
            provider.account_history_lookup(ADDRESS),
            Ok(HistoryInfo::MaybeInPlainState)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            provider.storage_history_lookup(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(HistoryInfo::MaybeInPlainState)
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_history_info_from_lookup() {
        // Before first write, no pruning → not yet written
        assert_eq!(HistoryInfo::from_lookup(Some(10), true, None), HistoryInfo::NotYetWritten);
        assert_eq!(HistoryInfo::from_lookup(None, true, None), HistoryInfo::NotYetWritten);

        // Before first write WITH pruning → check changeset (pruning may have removed history)
        assert_eq!(HistoryInfo::from_lookup(Some(10), true, Some(5)), HistoryInfo::InChangeset(10));
        assert_eq!(HistoryInfo::from_lookup(None, true, Some(5)), HistoryInfo::NotYetWritten);

        // Not before first write → check changeset or plain state
        assert_eq!(HistoryInfo::from_lookup(Some(10), false, None), HistoryInfo::InChangeset(10));
        assert_eq!(HistoryInfo::from_lookup(None, false, None), HistoryInfo::InPlainState);
    }

    #[test]
    fn history_provider_get_storage_legacy() {
        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();

        assert!(!factory.provider().unwrap().cached_storage_settings().use_hashed_state());

        let tx = factory.provider_rw().unwrap().into_tx();

        tx.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(
            StorageShardedKey {
                address: ADDRESS,
                sharded_key: ShardedKey { key: STORAGE, highest_block_number: 7 },
            },
            BlockNumberList::new([3, 7]).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(
            StorageShardedKey {
                address: ADDRESS,
                sharded_key: ShardedKey { key: STORAGE, highest_block_number: u64::MAX },
            },
            BlockNumberList::new([10, 15]).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(
            StorageShardedKey {
                address: HIGHER_ADDRESS,
                sharded_key: ShardedKey { key: STORAGE, highest_block_number: u64::MAX },
            },
            BlockNumberList::new([4]).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        let higher_entry_plain = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(1000) };
        let higher_entry_at4 = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(0) };
        let entry_plain = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(100) };
        let entry_at15 = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(15) };
        let entry_at10 = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(10) };
        let entry_at7 = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(7) };
        let entry_at3 = StorageEntry { key: STORAGE, value: U256::from(0) };

        tx.put::<tables::StorageChangeSets>((3, ADDRESS).into(), entry_at3).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StorageChangeSets>((4, HIGHER_ADDRESS).into(), higher_entry_at4).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StorageChangeSets>((7, ADDRESS).into(), entry_at7).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StorageChangeSets>((10, ADDRESS).into(), entry_at10).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::StorageChangeSets>((15, ADDRESS).into(), entry_at15).unwrap();

        tx.put::<tables::PlainStorageState>(ADDRESS, entry_plain).unwrap();
        tx.put::<tables::PlainStorageState>(HIGHER_ADDRESS, higher_entry_plain).unwrap();
        tx.commit().unwrap();

        let db = factory.provider().unwrap();

        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 0).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(None)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(U256::ZERO))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at7.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at7.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at10.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at10.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at15.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_plain.value
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(None)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == higher_entry_plain.value
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn history_provider_get_storage_hashed_state() {
        use crate::BlockWriter;
        use alloy_primitives::keccak256;
        use reth_db_api::models::StorageSettings;
        use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
        use reth_testing_utils::generators::{self, random_block_range, BlockRangeParams};
        use revm_database::BundleState;
        use std::collections::HashMap;

        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(StorageSettings::v2());

        let slot = U256::from_be_bytes(*STORAGE);
        let account: revm_state::AccountInfo =
            Account { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(1000), bytecode_hash: None }.into();
        let higher_account: revm_state::AccountInfo =
            Account { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(2000), bytecode_hash: None }.into();

        let mut rng = generators::rng();
        let blocks = random_block_range(
            &mut rng,
            0..=15,
            BlockRangeParams { parent: Some(B256::ZERO), tx_count: 0..1, ..Default::default() },
        );

        let mut addr_storage = HashMap::default();
        addr_storage.insert(slot, (U256::ZERO, U256::from(100)));
        let mut higher_storage = HashMap::default();
        higher_storage.insert(slot, (U256::ZERO, U256::from(1000)));

        type Revert = Vec<(Address, Option<Option<revm_state::AccountInfo>>, Vec<(U256, U256)>)>;
        let mut reverts: Vec<Revert> = vec![Vec::new(); 16];

        reverts[3] = vec![(ADDRESS, Some(Some(account.clone())), vec![(slot, U256::ZERO)])];
        reverts[4] =
            vec![(HIGHER_ADDRESS, Some(Some(higher_account.clone())), vec![(slot, U256::ZERO)])];
        reverts[7] = vec![(ADDRESS, Some(Some(account.clone())), vec![(slot, U256::from(7))])];
        reverts[10] = vec![(ADDRESS, Some(Some(account.clone())), vec![(slot, U256::from(10))])];
        reverts[15] = vec![(ADDRESS, Some(Some(account.clone())), vec![(slot, U256::from(15))])];

        let bundle = BundleState::new(
            [
                (ADDRESS, None, Some(account), addr_storage),
                (HIGHER_ADDRESS, None, Some(higher_account), higher_storage),
            ],
            reverts,
            [],
        );

        let provider_rw = factory.provider_rw().unwrap();
        provider_rw
            .append_blocks_with_state(
                blocks
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|b| b.try_recover().expect("failed to seal block with senders"))
                    .collect(),
                &ExecutionOutcome { bundle, first_block: 0, ..Default::default() },
                Default::default(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        let hashed_address = keccak256(ADDRESS);
        let hashed_higher_address = keccak256(HIGHER_ADDRESS);
        let hashed_storage = keccak256(STORAGE);

        provider_rw
            .tx_ref()
            .put::<tables::HashedStorages>(
                hashed_address,
                StorageEntry { key: hashed_storage, value: U256::from(100) },
            )
            .unwrap();
        provider_rw
            .tx_ref()
            .put::<tables::HashedStorages>(
                hashed_higher_address,
                StorageEntry { key: hashed_storage, value: U256::from(1000) },
            )
            .unwrap();
        provider_rw
            .tx_ref()
            .put::<tables::HashedAccounts>(
                hashed_address,
                Account { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(1000), bytecode_hash: None },
            )
            .unwrap();
        provider_rw
            .tx_ref()
            .put::<tables::HashedAccounts>(
                hashed_higher_address,
                Account { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(2000), bytecode_hash: None },
            )
            .unwrap();
        provider_rw.commit().unwrap();

        let db = factory.provider().unwrap();

        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 0).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(None)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(U256::ZERO))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(7)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(7)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(10)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(10)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(15)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(100)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(None)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
            Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(1000)
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_needs_prev_shard_check() {
        // Only needs check when rank == 0 and found_block != block_number
        assert!(needs_prev_shard_check(0, Some(10), 5));
        assert!(needs_prev_shard_check(0, None, 5));
        assert!(!needs_prev_shard_check(0, Some(5), 5)); // found_block == block_number
        assert!(!needs_prev_shard_check(1, Some(10), 5)); // rank > 0
    }
}