reth_transaction_pool/pool/

txpool.rs

//! The internal transaction pool implementation.

use crate::{
    config::{LocalTransactionConfig, TXPOOL_MAX_ACCOUNT_SLOTS_PER_SENDER},
    error::{
        Eip4844PoolTransactionError, Eip7702PoolTransactionError, InvalidPoolTransactionError,
        PoolError, PoolErrorKind,
    },
    identifier::{SenderId, TransactionId},
    metrics::{AllTransactionsMetrics, TxPoolMetrics},
    pool::{
        best::BestTransactions,
        blob::BlobTransactions,
        parked::{BasefeeOrd, ParkedPool, QueuedOrd},
        pending::PendingPool,
        state::{SubPool, TxState},
        update::{Destination, PoolUpdate, UpdateOutcome},
        AddedPendingTransaction, AddedTransaction, OnNewCanonicalStateOutcome,
    },
    traits::{BestTransactionsAttributes, BlockInfo, PoolSize},
    PoolConfig, PoolResult, PoolTransaction, PoolUpdateKind, PriceBumpConfig, TransactionOrdering,
    ValidPoolTransaction, U256,
};
use alloy_consensus::constants::{
    EIP1559_TX_TYPE_ID, EIP2930_TX_TYPE_ID, EIP4844_TX_TYPE_ID, EIP7702_TX_TYPE_ID, KECCAK_EMPTY,
    LEGACY_TX_TYPE_ID,
};
use alloy_eips::{
    eip1559::{ETHEREUM_BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT_30M, MIN_PROTOCOL_BASE_FEE},
    eip4844::BLOB_TX_MIN_BLOB_GASPRICE,
    Typed2718,
};
#[cfg(test)]
use alloy_primitives::Address;
use alloy_primitives::{map::AddressSet, TxHash, B256};
use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
use smallvec::SmallVec;
use std::{
    cmp::Ordering,
    collections::{btree_map::Entry, hash_map, BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet},
    fmt,
    ops::Bound::{Excluded, Unbounded},
    sync::Arc,
};
use tracing::{trace, warn};

#[cfg_attr(doc, aquamarine::aquamarine)]
// TODO: Inlined diagram due to a bug in aquamarine library, should become an include when it's
// fixed. See https://github.com/mersinvald/aquamarine/issues/50
// include_mmd!("docs/mermaid/txpool.mmd")
/// A pool that manages transactions.
///
/// This pool maintains the state of all transactions and stores them accordingly.
///
/// ```mermaid
/// graph TB
///   subgraph TxPool
///     direction TB
///     pool[(All Transactions)]
///     subgraph Subpools
///         direction TB
///         B3[(Queued)]
///         B1[(Pending)]
///         B2[(Basefee)]
///         B4[(Blob)]
///     end
///   end
///   discard([discard])
///   production([Block Production])
///   new([New Block])
///   A[Incoming Tx] --> B[Validation] -->|ins
///   pool --> |if ready + blobfee too low| B4
///   pool --> |if ready| B1
///   pool --> |if ready + basfee too low| B2
///   pool --> |nonce gap or lack of funds| B3
///   pool --> |update| pool
///   B1 --> |best| production
///   B2 --> |worst| discard
///   B3 --> |worst| discard
///   B4 --> |worst| discard
///   B1 --> |increased blob fee| B4
///   B4 --> |decreased blob fee| B1
///   B1 --> |increased base fee| B2
///   B2 --> |decreased base fee| B1
///   B3 --> |promote| B1
///   B3 --> |promote| B2
///   new --> |apply state changes| pool
/// ```
pub struct TxPool<T: TransactionOrdering> {
    /// pending subpool
    ///
    /// Holds transactions that are ready to be executed on the current state.
    pending_pool: PendingPool<T>,
    /// Pool settings to enforce limits etc.
    config: PoolConfig,
    /// queued subpool
    ///
    /// Holds all parked transactions that depend on external changes from the sender:
    ///
    ///    - blocked by missing ancestor transaction (has nonce gaps)
    ///    - sender lacks funds to pay for this transaction.
    queued_pool: ParkedPool<QueuedOrd<T::Transaction>>,
    /// base fee subpool
    ///
    /// Holds all parked transactions that currently violate the dynamic fee requirement but could
    /// be moved to pending if the base fee changes in their favor (decreases) in future blocks.
    basefee_pool: ParkedPool<BasefeeOrd<T::Transaction>>,
    /// Blob transactions in the pool that are __not pending__.
    ///
    /// This means they either do not satisfy the dynamic fee requirement or the blob fee
    /// requirement. These transactions can be moved to pending if the base fee or blob fee changes
    /// in their favor (decreases) in future blocks. The transaction may need both the base fee and
    /// blob fee to decrease to become executable.
    blob_pool: BlobTransactions<T::Transaction>,
    /// All transactions in the pool.
    all_transactions: AllTransactions<T::Transaction>,
    /// Transaction pool metrics
    metrics: TxPoolMetrics,
}

// === impl TxPool ===

impl<T: TransactionOrdering> TxPool<T> {
    /// Create a new graph pool instance.
    pub fn new(ordering: T, config: PoolConfig) -> Self {
        Self {
            pending_pool: PendingPool::with_buffer(
                ordering,
                config.max_new_pending_txs_notifications,
            ),
            queued_pool: Default::default(),
            basefee_pool: Default::default(),
            blob_pool: Default::default(),
            all_transactions: AllTransactions::new(&config),
            config,
            metrics: Default::default(),
        }
    }

    /// Retrieves the highest nonce for a specific sender from the transaction pool.
    pub fn get_highest_nonce_by_sender(&self, sender: SenderId) -> Option<u64> {
        self.all().txs_iter(sender).last().map(|(_, tx)| tx.transaction.nonce())
    }

    /// Retrieves the highest transaction (wrapped in an `Arc`) for a specific sender from the
    /// transaction pool.
    pub fn get_highest_transaction_by_sender(
        &self,
        sender: SenderId,
    ) -> Option<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        self.all().txs_iter(sender).last().map(|(_, tx)| Arc::clone(&tx.transaction))
    }

    /// Returns the transaction with the highest nonce that is executable given the on chain nonce.
    ///
    /// If the pool already tracks a higher nonce for the given sender, then this nonce is used
    /// instead.
    ///
    /// Note: The next pending pooled transaction must have the on chain nonce.
    pub(crate) fn get_highest_consecutive_transaction_by_sender(
        &self,
        mut on_chain: TransactionId,
    ) -> Option<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let mut last_consecutive_tx = None;

        // ensure this operates on the most recent
        if let Some(current) = self.all_transactions.sender_info.get(&on_chain.sender) {
            on_chain.nonce = on_chain.nonce.max(current.state_nonce);
        }

        let mut next_expected_nonce = on_chain.nonce;
        for (id, tx) in self.all().descendant_txs_inclusive(&on_chain) {
            if next_expected_nonce != id.nonce {
                break
            }
            next_expected_nonce = id.next_nonce();
            last_consecutive_tx = Some(tx);
        }

        last_consecutive_tx.map(|tx| Arc::clone(&tx.transaction))
    }

    /// Returns access to the [`AllTransactions`] container.
    pub(crate) const fn all(&self) -> &AllTransactions<T::Transaction> {
        &self.all_transactions
    }

    /// Returns all senders in the pool
    pub(crate) fn unique_senders(&self) -> AddressSet {
        self.all_transactions.txs.values().map(|tx| tx.transaction.sender()).collect()
    }

    /// Returns stats about the size of pool.
    pub fn size(&self) -> PoolSize {
        PoolSize {
            pending: self.pending_pool.len(),
            pending_size: self.pending_pool.size(),
            basefee: self.basefee_pool.len(),
            basefee_size: self.basefee_pool.size(),
            queued: self.queued_pool.len(),
            queued_size: self.queued_pool.size(),
            blob: self.blob_pool.len(),
            blob_size: self.blob_pool.size(),
            total: self.all_transactions.len(),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the currently tracked block values
    pub const fn block_info(&self) -> BlockInfo {
        BlockInfo {
            block_gas_limit: self.all_transactions.block_gas_limit,
            last_seen_block_hash: self.all_transactions.last_seen_block_hash,
            last_seen_block_number: self.all_transactions.last_seen_block_number,
            pending_basefee: self.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee,
            pending_blob_fee: Some(self.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee),
        }
    }

    /// Updates the tracked blob fee
    fn update_blob_fee<F>(
        &mut self,
        mut pending_blob_fee: u128,
        base_fee_update: Ordering,
        mut on_promoted: F,
    ) where
        F: FnMut(&Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>),
    {
        std::mem::swap(&mut self.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee, &mut pending_blob_fee);
        match (self.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee.cmp(&pending_blob_fee), base_fee_update)
        {
            (Ordering::Equal, Ordering::Equal | Ordering::Greater) => {
                // fee unchanged, nothing to update
            }
            (Ordering::Greater, Ordering::Equal | Ordering::Greater) => {
                // increased blob fee: recheck pending pool and remove all that are no longer valid
                let removed =
                    self.pending_pool.update_blob_fee(self.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee);
                for tx in removed {
                    let to = {
                        let tx =
                            self.all_transactions.txs.get_mut(tx.id()).expect("tx exists in set");

                        // the blob fee is too high now, unset the blob fee cap block flag
                        tx.state.remove(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK);
                        tx.subpool = tx.state.into();
                        tx.subpool
                    };
                    self.add_transaction_to_subpool(to, tx);
                }
            }
            (Ordering::Less, _) | (_, Ordering::Less) => {
                // decreased blob/base fee: recheck blob pool and promote all that are now valid
                let removed =
                    self.blob_pool.enforce_pending_fees(&self.all_transactions.pending_fees);
                for tx in removed {
                    let subpool = {
                        let tx_meta =
                            self.all_transactions.txs.get_mut(tx.id()).expect("tx exists in set");
                        tx_meta.state.insert(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK);
                        tx_meta.state.insert(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK);
                        tx_meta.subpool = tx_meta.state.into();
                        tx_meta.subpool
                    };

                    if subpool == SubPool::Pending {
                        on_promoted(&tx);
                    }

                    self.add_transaction_to_subpool(subpool, tx);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Updates the tracked basefee
    ///
    /// Depending on the change in direction of the basefee, this will promote or demote
    /// transactions from the basefee pool.
    fn update_basefee<F>(&mut self, mut pending_basefee: u64, mut on_promoted: F) -> Ordering
    where
        F: FnMut(&Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>),
    {
        std::mem::swap(&mut self.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee, &mut pending_basefee);
        match self.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee.cmp(&pending_basefee) {
            Ordering::Equal => {
                // fee unchanged, nothing to update
                Ordering::Equal
            }
            Ordering::Greater => {
                // increased base fee: recheck pending pool and remove all that are no longer valid
                let removed =
                    self.pending_pool.update_base_fee(self.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee);
                for tx in removed {
                    let to = {
                        let tx =
                            self.all_transactions.txs.get_mut(tx.id()).expect("tx exists in set");
                        tx.state.remove(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK);
                        tx.subpool = tx.state.into();
                        tx.subpool
                    };
                    self.add_transaction_to_subpool(to, tx);
                }

                Ordering::Greater
            }
            Ordering::Less => {
                // Base fee decreased: recheck BaseFee and promote.
                // Invariants:
                // - BaseFee contains only non-blob txs (blob txs live in Blob) and they already
                //   have ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK.
                // - PENDING_POOL_BITS = BASE_FEE_POOL_BITS | ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK |
                //   ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK.
                // With the lower base fee they gain ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK, so we can set the bit and
                // insert directly into Pending (skip generic routing).
                let current_base_fee = self.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee;
                self.basefee_pool.enforce_basefee_with(current_base_fee, |tx| {
                    // Update transaction state — guaranteed Pending by the invariants above
                    let subpool = {
                        let meta =
                            self.all_transactions.txs.get_mut(tx.id()).expect("tx exists in set");
                        meta.state.insert(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK);
                        meta.subpool = meta.state.into();
                        meta.subpool
                    };

                    if subpool == SubPool::Pending {
                        on_promoted(&tx);
                    }

                    trace!(target: "txpool", hash=%tx.transaction.hash(), pool=?subpool, "Adding transaction to a subpool");
                    match subpool {
                        SubPool::Queued => self.queued_pool.add_transaction(tx),
                        SubPool::Pending => {
                            self.pending_pool.add_transaction(tx, current_base_fee);
                        }
                        SubPool::Blob => {
                            self.blob_pool.add_transaction(tx);
                        }
                        SubPool::BaseFee => {
                            // This should be unreachable as transactions from BaseFee pool with decreased
                            // basefee are guaranteed to become Pending
                            warn!(target: "txpool", "BaseFee transactions should become Pending after basefee decrease");
                        }
                    }
                });

                Ordering::Less
            }
        }
    }

    /// Sets the current block info for the pool.
    ///
    /// This will also apply updates to the pool based on the new base fee and blob fee.
    ///
    /// Returns the outcome containing any transactions that were promoted due to fee changes.
    pub fn set_block_info(&mut self, info: BlockInfo) -> UpdateOutcome<T::Transaction> {
        let mut outcome = UpdateOutcome::default();

        // first update the subpools based on the new values, collecting promoted transactions
        let basefee_ordering = self.update_basefee(info.pending_basefee, |tx| {
            outcome.promoted.push(tx.clone());
        });
        if let Some(blob_fee) = info.pending_blob_fee {
            self.update_blob_fee(blob_fee, basefee_ordering, |tx| {
                outcome.promoted.push(tx.clone());
            })
        }
        // then update tracked values
        self.all_transactions.set_block_info(info);

        outcome
    }

    /// Returns an iterator that yields transactions that are ready to be included in the block with
    /// the tracked fees.
    pub(crate) fn best_transactions(&self) -> BestTransactions<T> {
        self.pending_pool.best()
    }

    /// Returns an iterator that yields transactions that are ready to be included in the block with
    /// the given base fee and optional blob fee.
    ///
    /// If the provided attributes differ from the currently tracked fees, this will also include
    /// transactions that are unlocked by the new fees, or exclude transactions that are no longer
    /// valid with the new fees.
    pub(crate) fn best_transactions_with_attributes(
        &self,
        best_transactions_attributes: BestTransactionsAttributes,
    ) -> Box<dyn crate::traits::BestTransactions<Item = Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>>>
    {
        // First we need to check if the given base fee is different than what's currently being
        // tracked
        match best_transactions_attributes.basefee.cmp(&self.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee)
        {
            Ordering::Equal => {
                // for EIP-4844 transactions we also need to check if the blob fee is now lower than
                // what's currently being tracked, if so we need to include transactions from the
                // blob pool that are valid with the lower blob fee
                let new_blob_fee = best_transactions_attributes.blob_fee.unwrap_or_default();
                match new_blob_fee.cmp(&(self.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee as u64)) {
                    Ordering::Less => {
                        // it's possible that this swing unlocked more blob transactions
                        let unlocked =
                            self.blob_pool.satisfy_attributes(best_transactions_attributes);
                        Box::new(self.pending_pool.best_with_unlocked_and_attributes(
                            unlocked,
                            best_transactions_attributes.basefee,
                            new_blob_fee,
                        ))
                    }
                    Ordering::Equal => Box::new(self.pending_pool.best()),
                    Ordering::Greater => {
                        // no additional transactions unlocked
                        Box::new(self.pending_pool.best_with_basefee_and_blobfee(
                            best_transactions_attributes.basefee,
                            best_transactions_attributes.blob_fee.unwrap_or_default(),
                        ))
                    }
                }
            }
            Ordering::Greater => {
                // base fee increased, we need to check how the blob fee moved
                let new_blob_fee = best_transactions_attributes.blob_fee.unwrap_or_default();
                match new_blob_fee.cmp(&(self.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee as u64)) {
                    Ordering::Less => {
                        // it's possible that this swing unlocked more blob transactions
                        let unlocked =
                            self.blob_pool.satisfy_attributes(best_transactions_attributes);
                        Box::new(self.pending_pool.best_with_unlocked_and_attributes(
                            unlocked,
                            best_transactions_attributes.basefee,
                            new_blob_fee,
                        ))
                    }
                    Ordering::Equal | Ordering::Greater => {
                        // no additional transactions unlocked
                        Box::new(self.pending_pool.best_with_basefee_and_blobfee(
                            best_transactions_attributes.basefee,
                            new_blob_fee,
                        ))
                    }
                }
            }
            Ordering::Less => {
                // base fee decreased, we need to move transactions from the basefee + blob pool to
                // the pending pool that might be unlocked by the lower base fee
                let mut unlocked = self
                    .basefee_pool
                    .satisfy_base_fee_transactions(best_transactions_attributes.basefee);

                // also include blob pool transactions that are now unlocked
                unlocked.extend(self.blob_pool.satisfy_attributes(best_transactions_attributes));

                Box::new(self.pending_pool.best_with_unlocked_and_attributes(
                    unlocked,
                    best_transactions_attributes.basefee,
                    best_transactions_attributes.blob_fee.unwrap_or_default(),
                ))
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns all transactions from the pending sub-pool
    pub(crate) fn pending_transactions(&self) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        self.pending_pool.all().collect()
    }
    /// Returns an iterator over all transactions from the pending sub-pool
    pub(crate) fn pending_transactions_iter(
        &self,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> + '_ {
        self.pending_pool.all()
    }

    /// Returns the number of transactions from the pending sub-pool
    pub(crate) fn pending_transactions_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.pending_pool.len()
    }

    /// Returns all pending transactions filtered by predicate
    pub(crate) fn pending_transactions_with_predicate(
        &self,
        mut predicate: impl FnMut(&ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>) -> bool,
    ) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        self.pending_transactions_iter().filter(|tx| predicate(tx)).collect()
    }

    /// Returns all pending transactions for the specified sender
    pub(crate) fn pending_txs_by_sender(
        &self,
        sender: SenderId,
    ) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        self.pending_pool.txs_by_sender(sender)
    }

    /// Returns all transactions from parked pools
    pub(crate) fn queued_transactions(&self) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        self.basefee_pool.all().chain(self.queued_pool.all()).collect()
    }

    /// Returns the number of transactions in parked pools
    pub(crate) fn queued_transactions_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.basefee_pool.len() + self.queued_pool.len()
    }

    /// Returns queued and pending transactions for the specified sender
    pub fn queued_and_pending_txs_by_sender(
        &self,
        sender: SenderId,
    ) -> (SmallVec<[TransactionId; TXPOOL_MAX_ACCOUNT_SLOTS_PER_SENDER]>, Vec<TransactionId>) {
        (self.queued_pool.get_txs_by_sender(sender), self.pending_pool.get_txs_by_sender(sender))
    }

    /// Returns all queued transactions for the specified sender
    pub(crate) fn queued_txs_by_sender(
        &self,
        sender: SenderId,
    ) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let mut txs = self.basefee_pool.txs_by_sender(sender);
        txs.extend(self.queued_pool.txs_by_sender(sender));
        txs
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the transaction with the given hash is already included in this pool.
    pub(crate) fn contains(&self, tx_hash: &TxHash) -> bool {
        self.all_transactions.contains(tx_hash)
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the transaction with the given id is already included in the given subpool
    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn subpool_contains(&self, subpool: SubPool, id: &TransactionId) -> bool {
        match subpool {
            SubPool::Queued => self.queued_pool.contains(id),
            SubPool::Pending => self.pending_pool.contains(id),
            SubPool::BaseFee => self.basefee_pool.contains(id),
            SubPool::Blob => self.blob_pool.contains(id),
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the pool is over its configured limits.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn is_exceeded(&self) -> bool {
        self.config.is_exceeded(self.size())
    }

    /// Returns the transaction for the given hash.
    pub(crate) fn get(
        &self,
        tx_hash: &TxHash,
    ) -> Option<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        self.all_transactions.by_hash.get(tx_hash).cloned()
    }

    /// Returns transactions for the multiple given hashes, if they exist.
    pub(crate) fn get_all(
        &self,
        txs: Vec<TxHash>,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> + '_ {
        txs.into_iter().filter_map(|tx| self.get(&tx))
    }

    /// Returns all transactions sent from the given sender.
    pub(crate) fn get_transactions_by_sender(
        &self,
        sender: SenderId,
    ) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        self.all_transactions.txs_iter(sender).map(|(_, tx)| Arc::clone(&tx.transaction)).collect()
    }

    /// Returns a pending transaction sent by the given sender with the given nonce.
    pub(crate) fn get_pending_transaction_by_sender_and_nonce(
        &self,
        sender: SenderId,
        nonce: u64,
    ) -> Option<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        self.all_transactions
            .txs_iter(sender)
            .find(|(id, tx)| id.nonce == nonce && tx.subpool == SubPool::Pending)
            .map(|(_, tx)| Arc::clone(&tx.transaction))
    }

    /// Updates only the pending fees without triggering subpool updates.
    /// Returns the previous base fee and blob fee values.
    const fn update_pending_fees_only(
        &mut self,
        mut new_base_fee: u64,
        new_blob_fee: Option<u128>,
    ) -> (u64, u128) {
        std::mem::swap(&mut self.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee, &mut new_base_fee);

        let prev_blob_fee = if let Some(mut blob_fee) = new_blob_fee {
            std::mem::swap(&mut self.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee, &mut blob_fee);
            blob_fee
        } else {
            self.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee
        };

        (new_base_fee, prev_blob_fee)
    }

    /// Applies fee-based promotion updates based on the previous fees.
    ///
    /// Records promoted transactions based on fee swings.
    ///
    /// Caution: This expects that the fees were previously already updated via
    /// [`Self::update_pending_fees_only`].
    fn apply_fee_updates(
        &mut self,
        prev_base_fee: u64,
        prev_blob_fee: u128,
        outcome: &mut UpdateOutcome<T::Transaction>,
    ) {
        let new_base_fee = self.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee;
        let new_blob_fee = self.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee;

        if new_base_fee == prev_base_fee && new_blob_fee == prev_blob_fee {
            // nothing to update
            return;
        }

        // IMPORTANT:
        // Restore previous fees so that the update fee functions correctly handle fee swings
        self.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee = prev_base_fee;
        self.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee = prev_blob_fee;

        let base_fee_ordering = self.update_basefee(new_base_fee, |tx| {
            outcome.promoted.push(tx.clone());
        });

        self.update_blob_fee(new_blob_fee, base_fee_ordering, |tx| {
            outcome.promoted.push(tx.clone());
        });
    }

    /// Updates the transactions for the changed senders.
    pub(crate) fn update_accounts(
        &mut self,
        changed_senders: FxHashMap<SenderId, SenderInfo>,
    ) -> UpdateOutcome<T::Transaction> {
        // Apply the state changes to the total set of transactions which triggers sub-pool updates.
        let updates = self.all_transactions.update(&changed_senders);

        // track changed accounts
        self.all_transactions.sender_info.extend(changed_senders);

        // Process the sub-pool updates
        let update = self.process_updates(updates);
        // update the metrics after the update
        self.update_size_metrics();
        update
    }

    /// Updates the entire pool after a new block was mined.
    ///
    /// This removes all mined transactions, updates according to the new base fee and blob fee and
    /// rechecks sender allowance based on the given changed sender infos.
    pub(crate) fn on_canonical_state_change(
        &mut self,
        block_info: BlockInfo,
        mined_transactions: Vec<TxHash>,
        changed_senders: FxHashMap<SenderId, SenderInfo>,
        _update_kind: PoolUpdateKind,
    ) -> OnNewCanonicalStateOutcome<T::Transaction> {
        // update block info
        let block_hash = block_info.last_seen_block_hash;

        // Remove all transaction that were included in the block
        let mut removed_txs_count = 0;
        for tx_hash in &mined_transactions {
            if self.prune_transaction_by_hash(tx_hash).is_some() {
                removed_txs_count += 1;
            }
        }

        // Update removed transactions metric
        self.metrics.removed_transactions.increment(removed_txs_count);

        // Update fees internally first without triggering subpool updates based on fee movements
        // This must happen before we update the changed so that all account updates use the new fee
        // values, this way all changed accounts remain unaffected by the fee updates that are
        // performed in next step and we don't collect promotions twice
        let (prev_base_fee, prev_blob_fee) =
            self.update_pending_fees_only(block_info.pending_basefee, block_info.pending_blob_fee);

        // Now update accounts with the new fees already set
        let mut outcome = self.update_accounts(changed_senders);

        // Apply subpool updates based on fee changes
        // This will record any additional promotions based on fee movements
        self.apply_fee_updates(prev_base_fee, prev_blob_fee, &mut outcome);

        // Update the rest of block info (without triggering fee updates again)
        self.all_transactions.set_block_info(block_info);

        self.update_transaction_type_metrics();
        self.metrics.performed_state_updates.increment(1);

        OnNewCanonicalStateOutcome {
            block_hash,
            mined: mined_transactions,
            promoted: outcome.promoted,
            discarded: outcome.discarded,
        }
    }

    /// Update sub-pools size metrics.
    pub(crate) fn update_size_metrics(&self) {
        let stats = self.size();
        self.metrics.pending_pool_transactions.set(stats.pending as f64);
        self.metrics.pending_pool_size_bytes.set(stats.pending_size as f64);
        self.metrics.basefee_pool_transactions.set(stats.basefee as f64);
        self.metrics.basefee_pool_size_bytes.set(stats.basefee_size as f64);
        self.metrics.queued_pool_transactions.set(stats.queued as f64);
        self.metrics.queued_pool_size_bytes.set(stats.queued_size as f64);
        self.metrics.blob_pool_transactions.set(stats.blob as f64);
        self.metrics.blob_pool_size_bytes.set(stats.blob_size as f64);
        self.metrics.total_transactions.set(stats.total as f64);
    }

    /// Updates transaction type metrics for the entire pool.
    pub(crate) fn update_transaction_type_metrics(&self) {
        let mut legacy_count = 0;
        let mut eip2930_count = 0;
        let mut eip1559_count = 0;
        let mut eip4844_count = 0;
        let mut eip7702_count = 0;
        let mut other_count = 0;

        for tx in self.all_transactions.transactions_iter() {
            match tx.transaction.ty() {
                LEGACY_TX_TYPE_ID => legacy_count += 1,
                EIP2930_TX_TYPE_ID => eip2930_count += 1,
                EIP1559_TX_TYPE_ID => eip1559_count += 1,
                EIP4844_TX_TYPE_ID => eip4844_count += 1,
                EIP7702_TX_TYPE_ID => eip7702_count += 1,
                _ => other_count += 1,
            }
        }

        self.metrics.total_legacy_transactions.set(legacy_count as f64);
        self.metrics.total_eip2930_transactions.set(eip2930_count as f64);
        self.metrics.total_eip1559_transactions.set(eip1559_count as f64);
        self.metrics.total_eip4844_transactions.set(eip4844_count as f64);
        self.metrics.total_eip7702_transactions.set(eip7702_count as f64);
        self.metrics.total_other_transactions.set(other_count as f64);
    }

    pub(crate) fn add_transaction(
        &mut self,
        tx: ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>,
        on_chain_balance: U256,
        on_chain_nonce: u64,
        on_chain_code_hash: Option<B256>,
    ) -> PoolResult<AddedTransaction<T::Transaction>> {
        if self.contains(tx.hash()) {
            return Err(PoolError::new(*tx.hash(), PoolErrorKind::AlreadyImported))
        }

        self.validate_auth(&tx, on_chain_nonce, on_chain_code_hash)?;

        // Update sender info with balance and nonce
        self.all_transactions
            .sender_info
            .entry(tx.sender_id())
            .or_default()
            .update(on_chain_nonce, on_chain_balance);

        match self.all_transactions.insert_tx(tx, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce) {
            Ok(InsertOk { transaction, move_to, replaced_tx, mut updates, state }) => {
                // Interleave update processing and new-tx insertion so that live
                // `BestTransactions` iterators always receive transactions in nonce order.
                // Updates are already in nonce-ascending order, so we split them around
                // the new transaction's nonce:
                //  1. Promote lower-nonce txs first  (e.g. balance-unlock scenario)
                //  2. Add the new transaction
                //  3. Promote higher-nonce txs last   (e.g. gap-fill scenario)
                let new_nonce = transaction.id().nonce;
                let split = updates.iter().position(|u| u.id.nonce >= new_nonce);
                let (promoted, discarded) = match split {
                    // All updates are lower-nonce — promote them first, then add new tx
                    None => {
                        let UpdateOutcome { promoted, discarded } = self.process_updates(updates);
                        self.add_new_transaction(transaction.clone(), replaced_tx.clone(), move_to);
                        (promoted, discarded)
                    }
                    // All updates are higher-nonce — add new tx first, then promote
                    Some(0) => {
                        self.add_new_transaction(transaction.clone(), replaced_tx.clone(), move_to);
                        let UpdateOutcome { promoted, discarded } = self.process_updates(updates);
                        (promoted, discarded)
                    }
                    // Mixed — split and interleave
                    Some(i) => {
                        let after = updates.split_off(i);
                        let mut outcome = self.process_updates(updates);
                        self.add_new_transaction(transaction.clone(), replaced_tx.clone(), move_to);
                        let after_outcome = self.process_updates(after);
                        outcome.promoted.extend(after_outcome.promoted);
                        outcome.discarded.extend(after_outcome.discarded);
                        (outcome.promoted, outcome.discarded)
                    }
                };
                self.metrics.inserted_transactions.increment(1);

                let replaced = replaced_tx.map(|(tx, _)| tx);

                // This transaction was moved to the pending pool.
                let res = if move_to.is_pending() {
                    AddedTransaction::Pending(AddedPendingTransaction {
                        transaction,
                        promoted,
                        discarded,
                        replaced,
                    })
                } else {
                    // Determine the specific queued reason based on the transaction state
                    let queued_reason = state.determine_queued_reason(move_to);
                    AddedTransaction::Parked {
                        transaction,
                        subpool: move_to,
                        replaced,
                        queued_reason,
                    }
                };

                // Update size metrics after adding and potentially moving transactions.
                self.update_size_metrics();

                Ok(res)
            }
            Err(err) => {
                // Update invalid transactions metric
                self.metrics.invalid_transactions.increment(1);
                match err {
                    InsertErr::Underpriced { existing: _, transaction } => Err(PoolError::new(
                        *transaction.hash(),
                        PoolErrorKind::ReplacementUnderpriced,
                    )),
                    InsertErr::FeeCapBelowMinimumProtocolFeeCap { transaction, fee_cap } => {
                        Err(PoolError::new(
                            *transaction.hash(),
                            PoolErrorKind::FeeCapBelowMinimumProtocolFeeCap(fee_cap),
                        ))
                    }
                    InsertErr::ExceededSenderTransactionsCapacity { transaction } => {
                        Err(PoolError::new(
                            *transaction.hash(),
                            PoolErrorKind::SpammerExceededCapacity(transaction.sender()),
                        ))
                    }
                    InsertErr::TxGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas {
                        transaction,
                        block_gas_limit,
                        tx_gas_limit,
                    } => Err(PoolError::new(
                        *transaction.hash(),
                        PoolErrorKind::InvalidTransaction(
                            InvalidPoolTransactionError::ExceedsGasLimit(
                                tx_gas_limit,
                                block_gas_limit,
                            ),
                        ),
                    )),
                    InsertErr::BlobTxHasNonceGap { transaction } => Err(PoolError::new(
                        *transaction.hash(),
                        PoolErrorKind::InvalidTransaction(
                            Eip4844PoolTransactionError::Eip4844NonceGap.into(),
                        ),
                    )),
                    InsertErr::Overdraft { transaction } => Err(PoolError::new(
                        *transaction.hash(),
                        PoolErrorKind::InvalidTransaction(InvalidPoolTransactionError::Overdraft {
                            cost: *transaction.cost(),
                            balance: on_chain_balance,
                        }),
                    )),
                    InsertErr::TxTypeConflict { transaction } => Err(PoolError::new(
                        *transaction.hash(),
                        PoolErrorKind::ExistingConflictingTransactionType(
                            transaction.sender(),
                            transaction.tx_type(),
                        ),
                    )),
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Determines if the tx sender is delegated or has a  pending delegation, and if so, ensures
    /// they have at most one configured amount of in-flight **executable** transactions (default at
    /// most one), e.g. disallow stacked and nonce-gapped transactions from the account.
    fn check_delegation_limit(
        &self,
        transaction: &ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>,
        on_chain_nonce: u64,
        on_chain_code_hash: Option<B256>,
    ) -> Result<(), PoolError> {
        // Short circuit if the sender has neither delegation nor pending delegation.
        if (on_chain_code_hash.is_none() || on_chain_code_hash == Some(KECCAK_EMPTY)) &&
            !self.all_transactions.auths.contains_key(&transaction.sender_id())
        {
            return Ok(())
        }

        let mut txs_by_sender =
            self.pending_pool.iter_txs_by_sender(transaction.sender_id()).peekable();

        if txs_by_sender.peek().is_none() {
            // Transaction with gapped nonce is not supported for delegated accounts
            // but transaction can arrive out of order if more slots are allowed
            // by default with a slot limit of 1 this will fail if the transaction's nonce >
            // on_chain
            let nonce_gap_distance = transaction.nonce().saturating_sub(on_chain_nonce);
            if nonce_gap_distance >= self.config.max_inflight_delegated_slot_limit as u64 {
                return Err(PoolError::new(
                    *transaction.hash(),
                    PoolErrorKind::InvalidTransaction(InvalidPoolTransactionError::Eip7702(
                        Eip7702PoolTransactionError::OutOfOrderTxFromDelegated,
                    )),
                ))
            }
            return Ok(())
        }

        let mut count = 0;
        for id in txs_by_sender {
            if id == &transaction.transaction_id {
                // Transaction replacement is supported
                return Ok(())
            }
            count += 1;
        }

        if count < self.config.max_inflight_delegated_slot_limit {
            // account still has an available slot
            return Ok(())
        }

        Err(PoolError::new(
            *transaction.hash(),
            PoolErrorKind::InvalidTransaction(InvalidPoolTransactionError::Eip7702(
                Eip7702PoolTransactionError::InflightTxLimitReached,
            )),
        ))
    }

    /// This verifies that the transaction complies with code authorization
    /// restrictions brought by EIP-7702 transaction type:
    /// 1. Any account with a deployed delegation or an in-flight authorization to deploy a
    ///    delegation will only be allowed a certain amount of transaction slots (default 1) instead
    ///    of the standard limit. This is due to the possibility of the account being sweeped by an
    ///    unrelated account.
    /// 2. In case the pool is tracking a pending / queued transaction from a specific account, at
    ///    most one in-flight transaction is allowed; any additional delegated transactions from
    ///    that account will be rejected.
    fn validate_auth(
        &self,
        transaction: &ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>,
        on_chain_nonce: u64,
        on_chain_code_hash: Option<B256>,
    ) -> Result<(), PoolError> {
        // Ensure in-flight limit for delegated accounts or those with a pending authorization.
        self.check_delegation_limit(transaction, on_chain_nonce, on_chain_code_hash)?;

        if let Some(authority_list) = &transaction.authority_ids {
            for sender_id in authority_list {
                // Ensure authority has at most 1 inflight transaction.
                if self.all_transactions.txs_iter(*sender_id).nth(1).is_some() {
                    return Err(PoolError::new(
                        *transaction.hash(),
                        PoolErrorKind::InvalidTransaction(InvalidPoolTransactionError::Eip7702(
                            Eip7702PoolTransactionError::AuthorityReserved,
                        )),
                    ))
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Maintenance task to apply a series of updates.
    ///
    /// This will move/discard the given transaction according to the `PoolUpdate`
    fn process_updates(&mut self, updates: Vec<PoolUpdate>) -> UpdateOutcome<T::Transaction> {
        let mut outcome = UpdateOutcome::default();
        let mut removed = 0;
        for PoolUpdate { id, current, destination } in updates {
            match destination {
                Destination::Discard => {
                    // remove the transaction from the pool and subpool
                    if let Some(tx) = self.prune_transaction_by_id(&id) {
                        outcome.discarded.push(tx);
                    }
                    removed += 1;
                }
                Destination::Pool(move_to) => {
                    debug_assert_ne!(&move_to, &current, "destination must be different");
                    let moved = self.move_transaction(current, move_to, &id);
                    if matches!(move_to, SubPool::Pending) &&
                        let Some(tx) = moved
                    {
                        trace!(target: "txpool", hash=%tx.transaction.hash(), "Promoted transaction to pending");
                        outcome.promoted.push(tx);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if removed > 0 {
            self.metrics.removed_transactions.increment(removed);
        }

        outcome
    }

    /// Moves a transaction from one sub pool to another.
    ///
    /// This will remove the given transaction from one sub-pool and insert it into the other
    /// sub-pool.
    fn move_transaction(
        &mut self,
        from: SubPool,
        to: SubPool,
        id: &TransactionId,
    ) -> Option<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let tx = self.remove_from_subpool(from, id)?;
        self.add_transaction_to_subpool(to, tx.clone());
        Some(tx)
    }

    /// Removes and returns all matching transactions from the pool.
    ///
    /// Note: this does not advance any descendants of the removed transactions and does not apply
    /// any additional updates.
    pub(crate) fn remove_transactions(
        &mut self,
        hashes: Vec<TxHash>,
    ) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let txs =
            hashes.into_iter().filter_map(|hash| self.remove_transaction_by_hash(&hash)).collect();
        self.update_size_metrics();
        txs
    }

    /// Removes and returns all matching transactions and their descendants from the pool.
    pub(crate) fn remove_transactions_and_descendants(
        &mut self,
        hashes: Vec<TxHash>,
    ) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let mut removed = Vec::new();
        for hash in hashes {
            if let Some(tx) = self.remove_transaction_by_hash(&hash) {
                removed.push(tx.clone());
                self.remove_descendants(tx.id(), &mut removed);
            }
        }
        self.update_size_metrics();
        removed
    }

    /// Removes all transactions from the given sender.
    pub(crate) fn remove_transactions_by_sender(
        &mut self,
        sender_id: SenderId,
    ) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let mut removed = Vec::new();
        let txs = self.get_transactions_by_sender(sender_id);
        for tx in txs {
            if let Some(tx) = self.remove_transaction(tx.id()) {
                removed.push(tx);
            }
        }
        self.update_size_metrics();
        removed
    }

    /// Prunes and returns all matching transactions from the pool.
    ///
    /// This uses [`Self::prune_transaction_by_hash`] which does **not** park descendant
    /// transactions, so they remain in their current sub-pool and can be included in subsequent
    /// blocks.
    pub(crate) fn prune_transactions(
        &mut self,
        hashes: Vec<TxHash>,
    ) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let txs =
            hashes.into_iter().filter_map(|hash| self.prune_transaction_by_hash(&hash)).collect();
        self.update_size_metrics();
        txs
    }

    /// Remove the transaction from the __entire__ pool.
    ///
    /// This includes the total set of transaction and the subpool it currently resides in.
    fn remove_transaction(
        &mut self,
        id: &TransactionId,
    ) -> Option<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let (tx, pool) = self.all_transactions.remove_transaction(id)?;
        self.remove_from_subpool(pool, tx.id())
    }

    /// Remove the transaction from the entire pool via its hash. This includes the total set of
    /// transactions and the subpool it currently resides in.
    ///
    /// This treats the descendants as if this transaction is discarded and removing the transaction
    /// reduces a nonce gap.
    fn remove_transaction_by_hash(
        &mut self,
        tx_hash: &B256,
    ) -> Option<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let (tx, pool) = self.all_transactions.remove_transaction_by_hash(tx_hash)?;

        // After a tx is removed, its descendants must become parked due to the nonce gap
        let updates = self.all_transactions.park_descendant_transactions(tx.id());
        self.process_updates(updates);
        self.remove_from_subpool(pool, tx.id())
    }

    /// This removes the transaction from the pool and advances any descendant state inside the
    /// subpool.
    ///
    /// This is intended to be used when a transaction is included in a block,
    /// [`Self::on_canonical_state_change`]. So its descendants will not change from pending to
    /// parked, just like what we do in `remove_transaction_by_hash`.
    fn prune_transaction_by_hash(
        &mut self,
        tx_hash: &B256,
    ) -> Option<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let (tx, pool) = self.all_transactions.remove_transaction_by_hash(tx_hash)?;
        self.remove_from_subpool(pool, tx.id())
    }
    /// This removes the transaction from the pool and advances any descendant state inside the
    /// subpool.
    ///
    /// This is intended to be used when we call [`Self::process_updates`].
    fn prune_transaction_by_id(
        &mut self,
        tx_id: &TransactionId,
    ) -> Option<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let (tx, pool) = self.all_transactions.remove_transaction_by_id(tx_id)?;
        self.remove_from_subpool(pool, tx.id())
    }

    /// Removes the transaction from the given pool.
    ///
    /// Caution: this only removes the tx from the sub-pool and not from the pool itself
    fn remove_from_subpool(
        &mut self,
        pool: SubPool,
        tx: &TransactionId,
    ) -> Option<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let tx = match pool {
            SubPool::Queued => self.queued_pool.remove_transaction(tx),
            SubPool::Pending => self.pending_pool.remove_transaction(tx),
            SubPool::BaseFee => self.basefee_pool.remove_transaction(tx),
            SubPool::Blob => self.blob_pool.remove_transaction(tx),
        };

        if let Some(ref tx) = tx {
            // We trace here instead of in subpool structs directly, because the `ParkedPool` type
            // is generic and it would not be possible to distinguish whether a transaction is
            // being removed from the `BaseFee` pool, or the `Queued` pool.
            trace!(target: "txpool", hash=%tx.transaction.hash(), ?pool, "Removed transaction from a subpool");
        }

        tx
    }

    /// Removes _only_ the descendants of the given transaction from the __entire__ pool.
    ///
    /// All removed transactions are added to the `removed` vec.
    fn remove_descendants(
        &mut self,
        tx: &TransactionId,
        removed: &mut Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>>,
    ) {
        let mut id = *tx;

        // this will essentially pop _all_ descendant transactions one by one
        loop {
            let descendant =
                self.all_transactions.descendant_txs_exclusive(&id).map(|(id, _)| *id).next();
            if let Some(descendant) = descendant {
                if let Some(tx) = self.remove_transaction(&descendant) {
                    removed.push(tx)
                }
                id = descendant;
            } else {
                return
            }
        }
    }

    /// Inserts the transaction into the given sub-pool.
    fn add_transaction_to_subpool(
        &mut self,
        pool: SubPool,
        tx: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>,
    ) {
        // We trace here instead of in structs directly, because the `ParkedPool` type is
        // generic and it would not be possible to distinguish whether a transaction is being
        // added to the `BaseFee` pool, or the `Queued` pool.
        trace!(target: "txpool", hash=%tx.transaction.hash(), ?pool, "Adding transaction to a subpool");
        match pool {
            SubPool::Queued => self.queued_pool.add_transaction(tx),
            SubPool::Pending => {
                self.pending_pool.add_transaction(tx, self.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee);
            }
            SubPool::BaseFee => {
                self.basefee_pool.add_transaction(tx);
            }
            SubPool::Blob => {
                self.blob_pool.add_transaction(tx);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Inserts the transaction into the given sub-pool.
    /// Optionally, removes the replacement transaction.
    fn add_new_transaction(
        &mut self,
        transaction: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>,
        replaced: Option<(Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>, SubPool)>,
        pool: SubPool,
    ) {
        if let Some((replaced, replaced_pool)) = replaced {
            // Remove the replaced transaction
            self.remove_from_subpool(replaced_pool, replaced.id());
        }

        self.add_transaction_to_subpool(pool, transaction)
    }

    /// Ensures that the transactions in the sub-pools are within the given bounds.
    ///
    /// If the current size exceeds the given bounds, the worst transactions are evicted from the
    /// pool and returned.
    ///
    /// This returns all transactions that were removed from the entire pool.
    pub(crate) fn discard_worst(&mut self) -> Vec<Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T::Transaction>>> {
        let mut removed = Vec::new();

        // Helper macro that discards the worst transactions for the pools
        macro_rules! discard_worst {
            ($this:ident, $removed:ident, [$($limit:ident => ($pool:ident, $metric:ident)),* $(,)*]) => {
                $ (
                while $this.$pool.exceeds(&$this.config.$limit)
                    {
                        trace!(
                            target: "txpool",
                            "discarding transactions from {}, limit: {:?}, curr size: {}, curr len: {}",
                            stringify!($pool),
                            $this.config.$limit,
                            $this.$pool.size(),
                            $this.$pool.len(),
                        );

                        // 1. first remove the worst transaction from the subpool
                        let removed_from_subpool = $this.$pool.truncate_pool($this.config.$limit.clone());

                        trace!(
                            target: "txpool",
                            "removed {} transactions from {}, limit: {:?}, curr size: {}, curr len: {}",
                            removed_from_subpool.len(),
                            stringify!($pool),
                            $this.config.$limit,
                            $this.$pool.size(),
                            $this.$pool.len()
                        );
                        $this.metrics.$metric.increment(removed_from_subpool.len() as u64);

                        // 2. remove all transactions from the total set
                        for tx in removed_from_subpool {
                            $this.all_transactions.remove_transaction(tx.id());

                            let id = *tx.id();

                            // keep track of removed transaction
                            removed.push(tx);

                            // 3. remove all its descendants from the entire pool
                            $this.remove_descendants(&id, &mut $removed);
                        }
                    }

                )*
            };
        }

        discard_worst!(
            self, removed, [
                pending_limit => (pending_pool, pending_transactions_evicted),
                basefee_limit => (basefee_pool, basefee_transactions_evicted),
                blob_limit    => (blob_pool, blob_transactions_evicted),
                queued_limit  => (queued_pool, queued_transactions_evicted),
            ]
        );

        removed
    }

    /// Number of transactions in the entire pool
    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.all_transactions.len()
    }

    /// Whether the pool is empty
    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.all_transactions.is_empty()
    }

    /// Asserts all invariants of the  pool's:
    ///
    ///  - All maps are bijections (`by_id`, `by_hash`)
    ///  - Total size is equal to the sum of all sub-pools
    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// if any invariant is violated
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-utils"))]
    pub fn assert_invariants(&self) {
        let size = self.size();
        let actual = size.basefee + size.pending + size.queued + size.blob;
        assert_eq!(
            size.total, actual,
            "total size must be equal to the sum of all sub-pools, basefee:{}, pending:{}, queued:{}, blob:{}",
            size.basefee, size.pending, size.queued, size.blob
        );
        self.all_transactions.assert_invariants();
        self.pending_pool.assert_invariants();
        self.basefee_pool.assert_invariants();
        self.queued_pool.assert_invariants();
        self.blob_pool.assert_invariants();
    }
}

#[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-utils"))]
impl TxPool<crate::test_utils::MockOrdering> {
    /// Creates a mock instance for testing.
    pub fn mock() -> Self {
        Self::new(crate::test_utils::MockOrdering::default(), PoolConfig::default())
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<T: TransactionOrdering> Drop for TxPool<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.assert_invariants();
    }
}

impl<T: TransactionOrdering> TxPool<T> {
    /// Pending subpool
    pub const fn pending(&self) -> &PendingPool<T> {
        &self.pending_pool
    }

    /// Base fee subpool
    pub const fn base_fee(&self) -> &ParkedPool<BasefeeOrd<T::Transaction>> {
        &self.basefee_pool
    }

    /// Queued sub pool
    pub const fn queued(&self) -> &ParkedPool<QueuedOrd<T::Transaction>> {
        &self.queued_pool
    }
}

impl<T: TransactionOrdering> fmt::Debug for TxPool<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("TxPool").field("config", &self.config).finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

/// Container for _all_ transaction in the pool.
///
/// This is the sole entrypoint that's guarding all sub-pools, all sub-pool actions are always
/// derived from this set. Updates returned from this type must be applied to the sub-pools.
pub(crate) struct AllTransactions<T: PoolTransaction> {
    /// Minimum base fee required by the protocol.
    ///
    /// Transactions with a lower base fee will never be included by the chain
    minimal_protocol_basefee: u64,
    /// The max gas limit of the block
    block_gas_limit: u64,
    /// Max number of executable transaction slots guaranteed per account
    max_account_slots: usize,
    /// _All_ transactions identified by their hash.
    by_hash: HashMap<TxHash, Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>>,
    /// _All_ transaction in the pool sorted by their sender and nonce pair.
    txs: BTreeMap<TransactionId, PoolInternalTransaction<T>>,
    /// Contains the currently known information about the senders.
    sender_info: FxHashMap<SenderId, SenderInfo>,
    /// Tracks the number of transactions by sender that are currently in the pool.
    tx_counter: FxHashMap<SenderId, usize>,
    /// The current block number the pool keeps track of.
    last_seen_block_number: u64,
    /// The current block hash the pool keeps track of.
    last_seen_block_hash: B256,
    /// Expected blob and base fee for the pending block.
    pending_fees: PendingFees,
    /// Configured price bump settings for replacements
    price_bumps: PriceBumpConfig,
    /// How to handle [`TransactionOrigin::Local`](crate::TransactionOrigin) transactions.
    local_transactions_config: LocalTransactionConfig,
    /// All accounts with a pooled authorization
    auths: FxHashMap<SenderId, HashSet<TxHash>>,
    /// All Transactions metrics
    metrics: AllTransactionsMetrics,
}

impl<T: PoolTransaction> AllTransactions<T> {
    /// Create a new instance
    fn new(config: &PoolConfig) -> Self {
        Self {
            max_account_slots: config.max_account_slots,
            price_bumps: config.price_bumps,
            local_transactions_config: config.local_transactions_config.clone(),
            minimal_protocol_basefee: config.minimal_protocol_basefee,
            block_gas_limit: config.gas_limit,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over all _unique_ hashes in the pool
    #[expect(dead_code)]
    pub(crate) fn hashes_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = TxHash> + '_ {
        self.by_hash.keys().copied()
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over all transactions in the pool
    pub(crate) fn transactions_iter(
        &self,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>> + '_ {
        self.by_hash.values()
    }

    /// Returns if the transaction for the given hash is already included in this pool
    pub(crate) fn contains(&self, tx_hash: &TxHash) -> bool {
        self.by_hash.contains_key(tx_hash)
    }

    /// Returns the internal transaction with additional metadata
    pub(crate) fn get(&self, id: &TransactionId) -> Option<&PoolInternalTransaction<T>> {
        self.txs.get(id)
    }

    /// Increments the transaction counter for the sender
    pub(crate) fn tx_inc(&mut self, sender: SenderId) {
        let count = self.tx_counter.entry(sender).or_default();
        *count += 1;
        self.metrics.all_transactions_by_all_senders.increment(1.0);
    }

    /// Decrements the transaction counter for the sender
    pub(crate) fn tx_decr(&mut self, sender: SenderId) {
        if let hash_map::Entry::Occupied(mut entry) = self.tx_counter.entry(sender) {
            let count = entry.get_mut();
            if *count == 1 {
                entry.remove();
                self.sender_info.remove(&sender);
                self.metrics.all_transactions_by_all_senders.decrement(1.0);
                return
            }
            *count -= 1;
            self.metrics.all_transactions_by_all_senders.decrement(1.0);
        }
    }

    /// Updates the block specific info
    fn set_block_info(&mut self, block_info: BlockInfo) {
        let BlockInfo {
            block_gas_limit,
            last_seen_block_hash,
            last_seen_block_number,
            pending_basefee,
            pending_blob_fee,
        } = block_info;
        self.last_seen_block_number = last_seen_block_number;
        self.last_seen_block_hash = last_seen_block_hash;

        self.pending_fees.base_fee = pending_basefee;
        self.metrics.base_fee.set(pending_basefee as f64);

        self.block_gas_limit = block_gas_limit;

        if let Some(pending_blob_fee) = pending_blob_fee {
            self.pending_fees.blob_fee = pending_blob_fee;
            self.metrics.blob_base_fee.set(pending_blob_fee as f64);
        }
    }

    /// Updates the size metrics
    pub(crate) fn update_size_metrics(&self) {
        self.metrics.all_transactions_by_hash.set(self.by_hash.len() as f64);
        self.metrics.all_transactions_by_id.set(self.txs.len() as f64);
    }

    /// Rechecks all transactions in the pool against the changes.
    ///
    /// Possible changes are:
    ///
    /// For all transactions:
    ///   - decreased basefee: promotes from `basefee` to `pending` sub-pool.
    ///   - increased basefee: demotes from `pending` to `basefee` sub-pool.
    ///
    /// Individually:
    ///   - decreased sender allowance: demote from (`basefee`|`pending`) to `queued`.
    ///   - increased sender allowance: promote from `queued` to
    ///       - `pending` if basefee condition is met.
    ///       - `basefee` if basefee condition is _not_ met.
    ///
    /// Additionally, this will also update the `cumulative_gas_used` for transactions of a sender
    /// that got transaction included in the block.
    pub(crate) fn update(
        &mut self,
        changed_accounts: &FxHashMap<SenderId, SenderInfo>,
    ) -> Vec<PoolUpdate> {
        // pre-allocate a few updates
        let mut updates = Vec::with_capacity(64);

        let mut iter = self.txs.iter_mut().peekable();

        // Loop over all individual senders and update all affected transactions.
        // One sender may have up to `max_account_slots` transactions here, which means, worst case
        // `max_accounts_slots` need to be updated, for example if the first transaction is blocked
        // due to too low base fee.
        // However, we don't have to necessarily check every transaction of a sender. If no updates
        // are possible (nonce gap) then we can skip to the next sender.

        // The `unique_sender` loop will process the first transaction of all senders, update its
        // state and internally update all consecutive transactions
        'transactions: while let Some((id, tx)) = iter.next() {
            macro_rules! next_sender {
                ($iter:ident) => {
                    'this: while let Some((peek, _)) = iter.peek() {
                        if peek.sender != id.sender {
                            break 'this
                        }
                        iter.next();
                    }
                };
            }

            // track the balance if the sender was changed in the block
            // check if this is a changed account
            let changed_balance = if let Some(info) = changed_accounts.get(&id.sender) {
                // discard all transactions with a nonce lower than the current state nonce
                if id.nonce < info.state_nonce {
                    updates.push(PoolUpdate {
                        id: *tx.transaction.id(),
                        current: tx.subpool,
                        destination: Destination::Discard,
                    });
                    continue 'transactions
                }

                let ancestor = TransactionId::ancestor(id.nonce, info.state_nonce, id.sender);
                // If there's no ancestor then this is the next transaction.
                if ancestor.is_none() {
                    tx.state.insert(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS);
                    tx.state.insert(TxState::NO_PARKED_ANCESTORS);
                    tx.cumulative_cost = U256::ZERO;
                    if tx.transaction.cost() > &info.balance {
                        // sender lacks sufficient funds to pay for this transaction
                        tx.state.remove(TxState::ENOUGH_BALANCE);
                    } else {
                        tx.state.insert(TxState::ENOUGH_BALANCE);
                    }
                }

                Some(&info.balance)
            } else {
                None
            };

            // If there's a nonce gap, we can shortcircuit, because there's nothing to update yet.
            if tx.state.has_nonce_gap() {
                next_sender!(iter);
                continue 'transactions
            }

            // Since this is the first transaction of the sender, it has no parked ancestors
            tx.state.insert(TxState::NO_PARKED_ANCESTORS);

            // Update the first transaction of this sender.
            Self::update_tx_base_fee(self.pending_fees.base_fee, tx);
            // Track if the transaction's sub-pool changed.
            Self::record_subpool_update(&mut updates, tx);

            // Track blocking transactions.
            let mut has_parked_ancestor = !tx.state.is_pending();

            let mut cumulative_cost = tx.next_cumulative_cost();

            // the next expected nonce after this transaction: nonce + 1
            let mut next_nonce_in_line = tx.transaction.nonce().saturating_add(1);

            // Update all consecutive transaction of this sender
            while let Some((peek, tx)) = iter.peek_mut() {
                if peek.sender != id.sender {
                    // Found the next sender we need to check
                    continue 'transactions
                }

                if tx.transaction.nonce() == next_nonce_in_line {
                    // no longer nonce gapped
                    tx.state.insert(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS);
                } else {
                    // can short circuit if there's still a nonce gap
                    next_sender!(iter);
                    continue 'transactions
                }

                // update for next iteration of this sender's loop
                next_nonce_in_line = next_nonce_in_line.saturating_add(1);

                // update cumulative cost
                tx.cumulative_cost = cumulative_cost;
                // Update for next transaction
                cumulative_cost = tx.next_cumulative_cost();

                // If the account changed in the block, check the balance.
                if let Some(changed_balance) = changed_balance {
                    if &cumulative_cost > changed_balance {
                        // sender lacks sufficient funds to pay for this transaction
                        tx.state.remove(TxState::ENOUGH_BALANCE);
                    } else {
                        tx.state.insert(TxState::ENOUGH_BALANCE);
                    }
                }

                // Update ancestor condition.
                if has_parked_ancestor {
                    tx.state.remove(TxState::NO_PARKED_ANCESTORS);
                } else {
                    tx.state.insert(TxState::NO_PARKED_ANCESTORS);
                }
                has_parked_ancestor = !tx.state.is_pending();

                // Update and record sub-pool changes.
                Self::update_tx_base_fee(self.pending_fees.base_fee, tx);
                Self::record_subpool_update(&mut updates, tx);

                // Advance iterator
                iter.next();
            }
        }

        updates
    }

    /// This will update the transaction's `subpool` based on its state.
    ///
    /// If the sub-pool derived from the state differs from the current pool, it will record a
    /// `PoolUpdate` for this transaction to move it to the new sub-pool.
    fn record_subpool_update(updates: &mut Vec<PoolUpdate>, tx: &mut PoolInternalTransaction<T>) {
        let current_pool = tx.subpool;
        tx.subpool = tx.state.into();
        if current_pool != tx.subpool {
            updates.push(PoolUpdate {
                id: *tx.transaction.id(),
                current: current_pool,
                destination: tx.subpool.into(),
            })
        }
    }

    /// Rechecks the transaction's dynamic fee condition.
    fn update_tx_base_fee(pending_block_base_fee: u64, tx: &mut PoolInternalTransaction<T>) {
        // Recheck dynamic fee condition.
        match tx.transaction.max_fee_per_gas().cmp(&(pending_block_base_fee as u128)) {
            Ordering::Greater | Ordering::Equal => {
                tx.state.insert(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK);
            }
            Ordering::Less => {
                tx.state.remove(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over all transactions for the given sender, starting with the lowest
    /// nonce
    pub(crate) fn txs_iter(
        &self,
        sender: SenderId,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&TransactionId, &PoolInternalTransaction<T>)> + '_ {
        self.txs
            .range((sender.start_bound(), Unbounded))
            .take_while(move |(other, _)| sender == other.sender)
    }

    /// Returns a mutable iterator over all transactions for the given sender, starting with the
    /// lowest nonce
    #[cfg(test)]
    #[expect(dead_code)]
    pub(crate) fn txs_iter_mut(
        &mut self,
        sender: SenderId,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&TransactionId, &mut PoolInternalTransaction<T>)> + '_ {
        self.txs
            .range_mut((sender.start_bound(), Unbounded))
            .take_while(move |(other, _)| sender == other.sender)
    }

    /// Returns all transactions that _follow_ after the given id and have the same sender.
    ///
    /// NOTE: The range is _exclusive_
    pub(crate) fn descendant_txs_exclusive<'a, 'b: 'a>(
        &'a self,
        id: &'b TransactionId,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'a TransactionId, &'a PoolInternalTransaction<T>)> + 'a {
        self.txs.range((Excluded(id), Unbounded)).take_while(|(other, _)| id.sender == other.sender)
    }

    /// Returns all transactions that _follow_ after the given id but have the same sender.
    ///
    /// NOTE: The range is _inclusive_: if the transaction that belongs to `id` it will be the
    /// first value.
    pub(crate) fn descendant_txs_inclusive<'a, 'b: 'a>(
        &'a self,
        id: &'b TransactionId,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'a TransactionId, &'a PoolInternalTransaction<T>)> + 'a {
        self.txs.range(id..).take_while(|(other, _)| id.sender == other.sender)
    }

    /// Returns all mutable transactions that _follow_ after the given id but have the same sender.
    ///
    /// NOTE: The range is _inclusive_: if the transaction that belongs to `id` it field be the
    /// first value.
    pub(crate) fn descendant_txs_mut<'a, 'b: 'a>(
        &'a mut self,
        id: &'b TransactionId,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'a TransactionId, &'a mut PoolInternalTransaction<T>)> + 'a {
        self.txs.range_mut(id..).take_while(|(other, _)| id.sender == other.sender)
    }

    /// Removes a transaction from the set using its hash.
    pub(crate) fn remove_transaction_by_hash(
        &mut self,
        tx_hash: &B256,
    ) -> Option<(Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>, SubPool)> {
        let tx = self.by_hash.remove(tx_hash)?;
        let internal = self.txs.remove(&tx.transaction_id)?;
        self.remove_auths(&internal);
        // decrement the counter for the sender.
        self.tx_decr(tx.sender_id());
        Some((tx, internal.subpool))
    }

    /// Removes a transaction from the set using its id.
    ///
    /// This is intended for processing updates after state changes.
    pub(crate) fn remove_transaction_by_id(
        &mut self,
        tx_id: &TransactionId,
    ) -> Option<(Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>, SubPool)> {
        let internal = self.txs.remove(tx_id)?;
        let tx = self.by_hash.remove(internal.transaction.hash())?;
        self.remove_auths(&internal);
        // decrement the counter for the sender.
        self.tx_decr(tx.sender_id());
        Some((tx, internal.subpool))
    }

    /// If a tx is removed (_not_ mined), all descendants are set to parked due to the nonce gap
    pub(crate) fn park_descendant_transactions(
        &mut self,
        tx_id: &TransactionId,
    ) -> Vec<PoolUpdate> {
        let mut updates = Vec::new();

        for (id, tx) in self.descendant_txs_mut(tx_id) {
            let current_pool = tx.subpool;

            tx.state.remove(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS);

            // update the pool based on the state.
            tx.subpool = tx.state.into();

            // check if anything changed.
            if current_pool != tx.subpool {
                updates.push(PoolUpdate {
                    id: *id,
                    current: current_pool,
                    destination: tx.subpool.into(),
                })
            }
        }

        updates
    }

    /// Removes a transaction from the set.
    ///
    /// This will _not_ trigger additional updates, because descendants without nonce gaps are
    /// already in the pending pool, and this transaction will be the first transaction of the
    /// sender in this pool.
    pub(crate) fn remove_transaction(
        &mut self,
        id: &TransactionId,
    ) -> Option<(Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>, SubPool)> {
        let internal = self.txs.remove(id)?;

        // decrement the counter for the sender.
        self.tx_decr(internal.transaction.sender_id());

        let result =
            self.by_hash.remove(internal.transaction.hash()).map(|tx| (tx, internal.subpool));

        self.remove_auths(&internal);

        result
    }

    /// Removes any pending auths for the given transaction.
    ///
    /// This is a noop for non EIP-7702 transactions.
    fn remove_auths(&mut self, tx: &PoolInternalTransaction<T>) {
        let Some(auths) = &tx.transaction.authority_ids else { return };

        let tx_hash = tx.transaction.hash();
        for auth in auths {
            if let Some(list) = self.auths.get_mut(auth) {
                list.remove(tx_hash);
                if list.is_empty() {
                    self.auths.remove(auth);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Checks if the given transaction's type conflicts with an existing transaction.
    ///
    /// See also [`ValidPoolTransaction::tx_type_conflicts_with`].
    ///
    /// Caution: This assumes that mutually exclusive invariant is always true for the same sender.
    #[inline]
    fn contains_conflicting_transaction(&self, tx: &ValidPoolTransaction<T>) -> bool {
        self.txs_iter(tx.transaction_id.sender)
            .next()
            .is_some_and(|(_, existing)| tx.tx_type_conflicts_with(&existing.transaction))
    }

    /// Additional checks for a new transaction.
    ///
    /// This will enforce all additional rules in the context of this pool, such as:
    ///   - Spam protection: reject new non-local transaction from a sender that exhausted its slot
    ///     capacity.
    ///   - Gas limit: reject transactions if they exceed a block's maximum gas.
    ///   - Ensures transaction types are not conflicting for the sender: blob vs normal
    ///     transactions are mutually exclusive for the same sender.
    fn ensure_valid(
        &self,
        transaction: ValidPoolTransaction<T>,
        on_chain_nonce: u64,
    ) -> Result<ValidPoolTransaction<T>, InsertErr<T>> {
        if !self.local_transactions_config.is_local(transaction.origin, transaction.sender_ref()) {
            let current_txs =
                self.tx_counter.get(&transaction.sender_id()).copied().unwrap_or_default();

            // Reject transactions if sender's capacity is exceeded.
            // If transaction's nonce matches on-chain nonce always let it through
            if current_txs >= self.max_account_slots && transaction.nonce() > on_chain_nonce {
                return Err(InsertErr::ExceededSenderTransactionsCapacity {
                    transaction: Arc::new(transaction),
                })
            }
        }
        if transaction.gas_limit() > self.block_gas_limit {
            return Err(InsertErr::TxGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas {
                block_gas_limit: self.block_gas_limit,
                tx_gas_limit: transaction.gas_limit(),
                transaction: Arc::new(transaction),
            })
        }

        if self.contains_conflicting_transaction(&transaction) {
            // blob vs non blob transactions are mutually exclusive for the same sender
            return Err(InsertErr::TxTypeConflict { transaction: Arc::new(transaction) })
        }

        Ok(transaction)
    }

    /// Enforces additional constraints for blob transactions before attempting to insert:
    ///    - new blob transactions must not have any nonce gaps
    ///    - blob transactions cannot go into overdraft
    ///    - replacement blob transaction with a higher fee must not shift an already propagated
    ///      descending blob transaction into overdraft
    fn ensure_valid_blob_transaction(
        &self,
        new_blob_tx: ValidPoolTransaction<T>,
        on_chain_balance: U256,
        ancestor: Option<TransactionId>,
    ) -> Result<ValidPoolTransaction<T>, InsertErr<T>> {
        if let Some(ancestor) = ancestor {
            let Some(ancestor_tx) = self.txs.get(&ancestor) else {
                // ancestor tx is missing, so we can't insert the new blob
                self.metrics.blob_transactions_nonce_gaps.increment(1);
                return Err(InsertErr::BlobTxHasNonceGap { transaction: Arc::new(new_blob_tx) })
            };
            if ancestor_tx.state.has_nonce_gap() {
                // the ancestor transaction already has a nonce gap, so we can't insert the new
                // blob
                self.metrics.blob_transactions_nonce_gaps.increment(1);
                return Err(InsertErr::BlobTxHasNonceGap { transaction: Arc::new(new_blob_tx) })
            }

            // the max cost executing this transaction requires
            let mut cumulative_cost = ancestor_tx.next_cumulative_cost() + new_blob_tx.cost();

            // check if the new blob would go into overdraft
            if cumulative_cost > on_chain_balance {
                // the transaction would go into overdraft
                return Err(InsertErr::Overdraft { transaction: Arc::new(new_blob_tx) })
            }

            // ensure that a replacement would not shift already propagated blob transactions into
            // overdraft
            let id = new_blob_tx.transaction_id;
            let mut descendants = self.descendant_txs_inclusive(&id).peekable();
            if let Some((maybe_replacement, _)) = descendants.peek() &&
                **maybe_replacement == new_blob_tx.transaction_id
            {
                // replacement transaction
                descendants.next();

                // check if any of descendant blob transactions should be shifted into overdraft
                for (_, tx) in descendants {
                    cumulative_cost += tx.transaction.cost();
                    if tx.transaction.is_eip4844() && cumulative_cost > on_chain_balance {
                        // the transaction would shift
                        return Err(InsertErr::Overdraft { transaction: Arc::new(new_blob_tx) })
                    }
                }
            }
        } else if new_blob_tx.cost() > &on_chain_balance {
            // the transaction would go into overdraft
            return Err(InsertErr::Overdraft { transaction: Arc::new(new_blob_tx) })
        }

        Ok(new_blob_tx)
    }

    /// Inserts a new _valid_ transaction into the pool.
    ///
    /// If the transaction already exists, it will be replaced if not underpriced.
    /// Returns info to which sub-pool the transaction should be moved.
    /// Also returns a set of pool updates triggered by this insert, that need to be handled by the
    /// caller.
    ///
    /// These can include:
    ///      - closing nonce gaps of descendant transactions
    ///      - enough balance updates
    ///
    /// Note: For EIP-4844 blob transactions additional constraints are enforced:
    ///      - new blob transactions must not have any nonce gaps
    ///      - blob transactions cannot go into overdraft
    ///
    /// ## Transaction type Exclusivity
    ///
    /// The pool enforces exclusivity of eip-4844 blob vs non-blob transactions on a per sender
    /// basis:
    ///  - If the pool already includes a blob transaction from the `transaction`'s sender, then the
    ///    `transaction` must also be a blob transaction
    ///  - If the pool already includes a non-blob transaction from the `transaction`'s sender, then
    ///    the `transaction` must _not_ be a blob transaction.
    ///
    /// In other words, the presence of blob transactions exclude non-blob transactions and vice
    /// versa.
    ///
    /// ## Replacements
    ///
    /// The replacement candidate must satisfy given price bump constraints: replacement candidate
    /// must not be underpriced
    pub(crate) fn insert_tx(
        &mut self,
        transaction: ValidPoolTransaction<T>,
        on_chain_balance: U256,
        on_chain_nonce: u64,
    ) -> InsertResult<T> {
        assert!(on_chain_nonce <= transaction.nonce(), "Invalid transaction");

        let mut transaction = self.ensure_valid(transaction, on_chain_nonce)?;

        let inserted_tx_id = *transaction.id();
        let mut state = TxState::default();
        let mut cumulative_cost = U256::ZERO;
        let mut updates = Vec::new();

        // Current tx does not exceed block gas limit after ensure_valid check
        state.insert(TxState::NOT_TOO_MUCH_GAS);

        // identifier of the ancestor transaction, will be None if the transaction is the next tx of
        // the sender
        let ancestor = TransactionId::ancestor(
            transaction.transaction.nonce(),
            on_chain_nonce,
            inserted_tx_id.sender,
        );

        // before attempting to insert a blob transaction, we need to ensure that additional
        // constraints are met that only apply to blob transactions
        if transaction.is_eip4844() {
            state.insert(TxState::BLOB_TRANSACTION);

            transaction =
                self.ensure_valid_blob_transaction(transaction, on_chain_balance, ancestor)?;
            let blob_fee_cap = transaction.transaction.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap_or_default();
            if blob_fee_cap >= self.pending_fees.blob_fee {
                state.insert(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK);
            }
        } else {
            // Non-EIP4844 transaction always satisfy the blob fee cap condition
            state.insert(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK);
        }

        let transaction = Arc::new(transaction);

        // If there's no ancestor tx then this is the next transaction.
        if ancestor.is_none() {
            state.insert(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS);
            state.insert(TxState::NO_PARKED_ANCESTORS);
        }

        // Check dynamic fee
        let fee_cap = transaction.max_fee_per_gas();

        if fee_cap < self.minimal_protocol_basefee as u128 {
            return Err(InsertErr::FeeCapBelowMinimumProtocolFeeCap { transaction, fee_cap })
        }
        if fee_cap >= self.pending_fees.base_fee as u128 {
            state.insert(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK);
        }

        // placeholder for the replaced transaction, if any
        let mut replaced_tx = None;

        let pool_tx = PoolInternalTransaction {
            transaction: Arc::clone(&transaction),
            subpool: state.into(),
            state,
            cumulative_cost,
        };

        // try to insert the transaction
        match self.txs.entry(*transaction.id()) {
            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
                // Insert the transaction in both maps
                self.by_hash.insert(*pool_tx.transaction.hash(), pool_tx.transaction.clone());
                entry.insert(pool_tx);
            }
            Entry::Occupied(mut entry) => {
                // Transaction with the same nonce already exists: replacement candidate
                let existing_transaction = entry.get().transaction.as_ref();
                let maybe_replacement = transaction.as_ref();

                // Ensure the new transaction is not underpriced
                if existing_transaction.is_underpriced(maybe_replacement, &self.price_bumps) {
                    return Err(InsertErr::Underpriced {
                        transaction: pool_tx.transaction,
                        existing: *entry.get().transaction.hash(),
                    })
                }
                let new_hash = *pool_tx.transaction.hash();
                let new_transaction = pool_tx.transaction.clone();
                let replaced = entry.insert(pool_tx);
                self.by_hash.remove(replaced.transaction.hash());
                self.by_hash.insert(new_hash, new_transaction);

                self.remove_auths(&replaced);

                // also remove the hash
                replaced_tx = Some((replaced.transaction, replaced.subpool));
            }
        }

        if let Some(auths) = &transaction.authority_ids {
            let tx_hash = transaction.hash();
            for auth in auths {
                self.auths.entry(*auth).or_default().insert(*tx_hash);
            }
        }

        // The next transaction of this sender
        let on_chain_id = TransactionId::new(transaction.sender_id(), on_chain_nonce);
        {
            // Tracks the next nonce we expect if the transactions are gapless
            let mut next_nonce = on_chain_id.nonce;

            // We need to find out if the next transaction of the sender is considered pending
            // The direct descendant has _no_ parked ancestors because the `on_chain_nonce` is
            // pending, so we can set this to `false`
            let mut has_parked_ancestor = false;

            // Traverse all future transactions of the sender starting with the on chain nonce, and
            // update existing transactions: `[on_chain_nonce,..]`
            for (id, tx) in self.descendant_txs_mut(&on_chain_id) {
                let current_pool = tx.subpool;

                // If there's a nonce gap, we can shortcircuit
                if next_nonce != id.nonce {
                    break
                }

                // close the nonce gap
                tx.state.insert(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS);

                // set cumulative cost
                tx.cumulative_cost = cumulative_cost;

                // Update for next transaction
                cumulative_cost = tx.next_cumulative_cost();

                if cumulative_cost > on_chain_balance {
                    // sender lacks sufficient funds to pay for this transaction
                    tx.state.remove(TxState::ENOUGH_BALANCE);
                } else {
                    tx.state.insert(TxState::ENOUGH_BALANCE);
                }

                // Update ancestor condition.
                if has_parked_ancestor {
                    tx.state.remove(TxState::NO_PARKED_ANCESTORS);
                } else {
                    tx.state.insert(TxState::NO_PARKED_ANCESTORS);
                }
                has_parked_ancestor = !tx.state.is_pending();

                // update the pool based on the state
                tx.subpool = tx.state.into();

                if inserted_tx_id.eq(id) {
                    // if it is the new transaction, track its updated state
                    state = tx.state;
                } else {
                    // check if anything changed
                    if current_pool != tx.subpool {
                        updates.push(PoolUpdate {
                            id: *id,
                            current: current_pool,
                            destination: tx.subpool.into(),
                        })
                    }
                }

                // increment for next iteration
                next_nonce = id.next_nonce();
            }
        }

        // If this wasn't a replacement transaction we need to update the counter.
        if replaced_tx.is_none() {
            self.tx_inc(inserted_tx_id.sender);
        }

        self.update_size_metrics();

        Ok(InsertOk { transaction, move_to: state.into(), state, replaced_tx, updates })
    }

    /// Number of transactions in the entire pool
    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.txs.len()
    }

    /// Whether the pool is empty
    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.txs.is_empty()
    }

    /// Asserts that the bijection between `by_hash` and `txs` is valid.
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-utils"))]
    pub(crate) fn assert_invariants(&self) {
        assert_eq!(self.by_hash.len(), self.txs.len(), "by_hash.len() != txs.len()");
        assert!(self.auths.len() <= self.txs.len(), "auths.len() > txs.len()");
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<T: PoolTransaction> AllTransactions<T> {
    /// This function retrieves the number of transactions stored in the pool for a specific sender.
    ///
    /// If there are no transactions for the given sender, it returns zero by default.
    pub(crate) fn tx_count(&self, sender: SenderId) -> usize {
        self.tx_counter.get(&sender).copied().unwrap_or_default()
    }
}

impl<T: PoolTransaction> Default for AllTransactions<T> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            max_account_slots: TXPOOL_MAX_ACCOUNT_SLOTS_PER_SENDER,
            minimal_protocol_basefee: MIN_PROTOCOL_BASE_FEE,
            block_gas_limit: ETHEREUM_BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT_30M,
            by_hash: Default::default(),
            txs: Default::default(),
            sender_info: Default::default(),
            tx_counter: Default::default(),
            last_seen_block_number: Default::default(),
            last_seen_block_hash: Default::default(),
            pending_fees: Default::default(),
            price_bumps: Default::default(),
            local_transactions_config: Default::default(),
            auths: Default::default(),
            metrics: Default::default(),
        }
    }
}

/// Represents updated fees for the pending block.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub(crate) struct PendingFees {
    /// The pending base fee
    pub(crate) base_fee: u64,
    /// The pending blob fee
    pub(crate) blob_fee: u128,
}

impl Default for PendingFees {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self { base_fee: Default::default(), blob_fee: BLOB_TX_MIN_BLOB_GASPRICE }
    }
}

/// Result type for inserting a transaction
pub(crate) type InsertResult<T> = Result<InsertOk<T>, InsertErr<T>>;

/// Err variant of `InsertResult`
#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) enum InsertErr<T: PoolTransaction> {
    /// Attempted to replace existing transaction, but was underpriced
    Underpriced {
        transaction: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>,
        #[expect(dead_code)]
        existing: TxHash,
    },
    /// Attempted to insert a blob transaction with a nonce gap
    BlobTxHasNonceGap { transaction: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>> },
    /// Attempted to insert a transaction that would overdraft the sender's balance at the time of
    /// insertion.
    Overdraft { transaction: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>> },
    /// The transactions feeCap is lower than the chain's minimum fee requirement.
    ///
    /// See also [`MIN_PROTOCOL_BASE_FEE`]
    FeeCapBelowMinimumProtocolFeeCap { transaction: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>, fee_cap: u128 },
    /// Sender currently exceeds the configured limit for max account slots.
    ///
    /// The sender can be considered a spammer at this point.
    ExceededSenderTransactionsCapacity { transaction: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>> },
    /// Transaction gas limit exceeds block's gas limit
    TxGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas {
        transaction: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>,
        block_gas_limit: u64,
        tx_gas_limit: u64,
    },
    /// Thrown if the mutual exclusivity constraint (blob vs normal transaction) is violated.
    TxTypeConflict { transaction: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>> },
}

/// Transaction was successfully inserted into the pool
#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) struct InsertOk<T: PoolTransaction> {
    /// Ref to the inserted transaction.
    transaction: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>,
    /// Where to move the transaction to.
    move_to: SubPool,
    /// Current state of the inserted tx.
    state: TxState,
    /// The transaction that was replaced by this.
    replaced_tx: Option<(Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>, SubPool)>,
    /// Additional updates to transactions affected by this change.
    updates: Vec<PoolUpdate>,
}

/// The internal transaction typed used by `AllTransactions` which also additional info used for
/// determining the current state of the transaction.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) struct PoolInternalTransaction<T: PoolTransaction> {
    /// The actual transaction object.
    pub(crate) transaction: Arc<ValidPoolTransaction<T>>,
    /// The `SubPool` that currently contains this transaction.
    pub(crate) subpool: SubPool,
    /// Keeps track of the current state of the transaction and therefore in which subpool it
    /// should reside
    pub(crate) state: TxState,
    /// The total cost all transactions before this transaction.
    ///
    /// This is the combined `cost` of all transactions from the same sender that currently
    /// come before this transaction.
    pub(crate) cumulative_cost: U256,
}

// === impl PoolInternalTransaction ===

impl<T: PoolTransaction> PoolInternalTransaction<T> {
    fn next_cumulative_cost(&self) -> U256 {
        self.cumulative_cost + self.transaction.cost()
    }
}

/// Stores relevant context about a sender.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub(crate) struct SenderInfo {
    /// current nonce of the sender.
    pub(crate) state_nonce: u64,
    /// Balance of the sender at the current point.
    pub(crate) balance: U256,
}

// === impl SenderInfo ===

impl SenderInfo {
    /// Updates the info with the new values.
    const fn update(&mut self, state_nonce: u64, balance: U256) {
        *self = Self { state_nonce, balance };
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::{
        test_utils::{MockOrdering, MockTransaction, MockTransactionFactory, MockTransactionSet},
        traits::TransactionOrigin,
        SubPoolLimit,
    };
    use alloy_consensus::{Transaction, TxType};
    use alloy_primitives::address;

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_blob() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::MAX;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().inc_price().inc_limit();
        let valid_tx = f.validated(tx);
        let InsertOk { updates, replaced_tx, move_to, state, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(valid_tx.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        assert!(updates.is_empty());
        assert!(replaced_tx.is_none());
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BALANCE));
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert_eq!(move_to, SubPool::Pending);

        let inserted = pool.txs.get(&valid_tx.transaction_id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(inserted.subpool, SubPool::Pending);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_blob_not_enough_blob_fee() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::MAX;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions {
            pending_fees: PendingFees { blob_fee: 10_000_000, ..Default::default() },
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().inc_price().inc_limit();
        pool.pending_fees.blob_fee = tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap() + 1;
        let valid_tx = f.validated(tx);
        let InsertOk { state, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(valid_tx.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert!(!state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));

        let _ = pool.txs.get(&valid_tx.transaction_id).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_valid_tx_with_decreasing_blob_fee() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::MAX;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions {
            pending_fees: PendingFees { blob_fee: 10_000_000, ..Default::default() },
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().inc_price().inc_limit();

        pool.pending_fees.blob_fee = tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap() + 1;
        let valid_tx = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let InsertOk { state, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(valid_tx.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert!(!state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));

        let _ = pool.txs.get(&valid_tx.transaction_id).unwrap();
        pool.remove_transaction(&valid_tx.transaction_id);

        pool.pending_fees.blob_fee = tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap();
        let InsertOk { state, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(valid_tx.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_demote_valid_tx_with_increasing_blob_fee() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::MAX;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().inc_price().inc_limit();

        // set block info so the tx is initially underpriced w.r.t. blob fee
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_blob_fee = Some(tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap());
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let id = *validated.id();
        pool.add_transaction(validated, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        // assert pool lengths
        assert!(pool.blob_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);

        // check tx state and derived subpool
        let internal_tx = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap();
        assert!(internal_tx.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert_eq!(internal_tx.subpool, SubPool::Pending);

        // set block info so the pools are updated
        block_info.pending_blob_fee = Some(tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap() + 1);
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        // check that the tx is promoted
        let internal_tx = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap();
        assert!(!internal_tx.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert_eq!(internal_tx.subpool, SubPool::Blob);

        // make sure the blob transaction was promoted into the pending pool
        assert_eq!(pool.blob_pool.len(), 1);
        assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promote_valid_tx_with_decreasing_blob_fee() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::MAX;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().inc_price().inc_limit();

        // set block info so the tx is initially underpriced w.r.t. blob fee
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_blob_fee = Some(tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap() + 1);
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let id = *validated.id();
        pool.add_transaction(validated, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        // assert pool lengths
        assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(pool.blob_pool.len(), 1);

        // check tx state and derived subpool
        let internal_tx = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap();
        assert!(!internal_tx.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert_eq!(internal_tx.subpool, SubPool::Blob);

        // set block info so the pools are updated
        block_info.pending_blob_fee = Some(tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap());
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        // check that the tx is promoted
        let internal_tx = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap();
        assert!(internal_tx.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert_eq!(internal_tx.subpool, SubPool::Pending);

        // make sure the blob transaction was promoted into the pending pool
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);
        assert!(pool.blob_pool.is_empty());
    }

    /// A struct representing a txpool promotion test instance
    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Hash)]
    struct PromotionTest {
        /// The basefee at the start of the test
        basefee: u64,
        /// The blobfee at the start of the test
        blobfee: u128,
        /// The subpool at the start of the test
        subpool: SubPool,
        /// The basefee update
        basefee_update: u64,
        /// The blobfee update
        blobfee_update: u128,
        /// The subpool after the update
        new_subpool: SubPool,
    }

    impl PromotionTest {
        /// Returns the test case for the opposite update
        const fn opposite(&self) -> Self {
            Self {
                basefee: self.basefee_update,
                blobfee: self.blobfee_update,
                subpool: self.new_subpool,
                blobfee_update: self.blobfee,
                basefee_update: self.basefee,
                new_subpool: self.subpool,
            }
        }

        fn assert_subpool_lengths<T: TransactionOrdering>(
            &self,
            pool: &TxPool<T>,
            failure_message: String,
            check_subpool: SubPool,
        ) {
            match check_subpool {
                SubPool::Blob => {
                    assert_eq!(pool.blob_pool.len(), 1, "{failure_message}");
                    assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                    assert!(pool.basefee_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                    assert!(pool.queued_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                }
                SubPool::Pending => {
                    assert!(pool.blob_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                    assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1, "{failure_message}");
                    assert!(pool.basefee_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                    assert!(pool.queued_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                }
                SubPool::BaseFee => {
                    assert!(pool.blob_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                    assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                    assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 1, "{failure_message}");
                    assert!(pool.queued_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                }
                SubPool::Queued => {
                    assert!(pool.blob_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                    assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                    assert!(pool.basefee_pool.is_empty(), "{failure_message}");
                    assert_eq!(pool.queued_pool.len(), 1, "{failure_message}");
                }
            }
        }

        /// Runs an assertion on the provided pool, ensuring that the transaction is in the correct
        /// subpool based on the starting condition of the test, assuming the pool contains only a
        /// single transaction.
        fn assert_single_tx_starting_subpool<T: TransactionOrdering>(&self, pool: &TxPool<T>) {
            self.assert_subpool_lengths(
                pool,
                format!("pool length check failed at start of test: {self:?}"),
                self.subpool,
            );
        }

        /// Runs an assertion on the provided pool, ensuring that the transaction is in the correct
        /// subpool based on the ending condition of the test, assuming the pool contains only a
        /// single transaction.
        fn assert_single_tx_ending_subpool<T: TransactionOrdering>(&self, pool: &TxPool<T>) {
            self.assert_subpool_lengths(
                pool,
                format!("pool length check failed at end of test: {self:?}"),
                self.new_subpool,
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promote_blob_tx_with_both_pending_fee_updates() {
        // this exhaustively tests all possible promotion scenarios for a single transaction moving
        // between the blob and pending pool
        let on_chain_balance = U256::MAX;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().inc_price().inc_limit();

        let max_fee_per_blob_gas = tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap();
        let max_fee_per_gas = tx.max_fee_per_gas() as u64;

        // These are all _promotion_ tests or idempotent tests.
        let mut expected_promotions = vec![
            PromotionTest {
                blobfee: max_fee_per_blob_gas + 1,
                basefee: max_fee_per_gas + 1,
                subpool: SubPool::Blob,
                blobfee_update: max_fee_per_blob_gas + 1,
                basefee_update: max_fee_per_gas + 1,
                new_subpool: SubPool::Blob,
            },
            PromotionTest {
                blobfee: max_fee_per_blob_gas + 1,
                basefee: max_fee_per_gas + 1,
                subpool: SubPool::Blob,
                blobfee_update: max_fee_per_blob_gas,
                basefee_update: max_fee_per_gas + 1,
                new_subpool: SubPool::Blob,
            },
            PromotionTest {
                blobfee: max_fee_per_blob_gas + 1,
                basefee: max_fee_per_gas + 1,
                subpool: SubPool::Blob,
                blobfee_update: max_fee_per_blob_gas + 1,
                basefee_update: max_fee_per_gas,
                new_subpool: SubPool::Blob,
            },
            PromotionTest {
                blobfee: max_fee_per_blob_gas + 1,
                basefee: max_fee_per_gas + 1,
                subpool: SubPool::Blob,
                blobfee_update: max_fee_per_blob_gas,
                basefee_update: max_fee_per_gas,
                new_subpool: SubPool::Pending,
            },
            PromotionTest {
                blobfee: max_fee_per_blob_gas,
                basefee: max_fee_per_gas + 1,
                subpool: SubPool::Blob,
                blobfee_update: max_fee_per_blob_gas,
                basefee_update: max_fee_per_gas,
                new_subpool: SubPool::Pending,
            },
            PromotionTest {
                blobfee: max_fee_per_blob_gas + 1,
                basefee: max_fee_per_gas,
                subpool: SubPool::Blob,
                blobfee_update: max_fee_per_blob_gas,
                basefee_update: max_fee_per_gas,
                new_subpool: SubPool::Pending,
            },
            PromotionTest {
                blobfee: max_fee_per_blob_gas,
                basefee: max_fee_per_gas,
                subpool: SubPool::Pending,
                blobfee_update: max_fee_per_blob_gas,
                basefee_update: max_fee_per_gas,
                new_subpool: SubPool::Pending,
            },
        ];

        // extend the test cases with reversed updates - this will add all _demotion_ tests
        let reversed = expected_promotions.iter().map(|test| test.opposite()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        expected_promotions.extend(reversed);

        // dedup the test cases
        let expected_promotions = expected_promotions.into_iter().collect::<HashSet<_>>();

        for promotion_test in &expected_promotions {
            let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

            // set block info so the tx is initially underpriced w.r.t. blob fee
            let mut block_info = pool.block_info();

            block_info.pending_blob_fee = Some(promotion_test.blobfee);
            block_info.pending_basefee = promotion_test.basefee;
            pool.set_block_info(block_info);

            let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
            let id = *validated.id();
            pool.add_transaction(validated, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

            // assert pool lengths
            promotion_test.assert_single_tx_starting_subpool(&pool);

            // check tx state and derived subpool, it should not move into the blob pool
            let internal_tx = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                internal_tx.subpool, promotion_test.subpool,
                "Subpools do not match at start of test: {promotion_test:?}"
            );

            // set block info with new base fee
            block_info.pending_basefee = promotion_test.basefee_update;
            block_info.pending_blob_fee = Some(promotion_test.blobfee_update);
            pool.set_block_info(block_info);

            // check tx state and derived subpool, it should not move into the blob pool
            let internal_tx = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                internal_tx.subpool, promotion_test.new_subpool,
                "Subpools do not match at end of test: {promotion_test:?}"
            );

            // assert new pool lengths
            promotion_test.assert_single_tx_ending_subpool(&pool);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_pending() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::MAX;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price().inc_limit();
        let valid_tx = f.validated(tx);
        let InsertOk { updates, replaced_tx, move_to, state, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(valid_tx.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        assert!(updates.is_empty());
        assert!(replaced_tx.is_none());
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BALANCE));
        assert_eq!(move_to, SubPool::Pending);

        let inserted = pool.txs.get(&valid_tx.transaction_id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(inserted.subpool, SubPool::Pending);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_simple_insert() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::ZERO;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        let mut tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price().inc_limit();
        tx.set_priority_fee(100);
        tx.set_max_fee(100);
        let valid_tx = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let InsertOk { updates, replaced_tx, move_to, state, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(valid_tx.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        assert!(updates.is_empty());
        assert!(replaced_tx.is_none());
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert!(!state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BALANCE));
        assert_eq!(move_to, SubPool::Queued);

        assert_eq!(pool.len(), 1);
        assert!(pool.contains(valid_tx.hash()));
        let expected_state = TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK | TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS;
        let inserted = pool.get(valid_tx.id()).unwrap();
        assert!(inserted.state.intersects(expected_state));

        // insert the same tx again
        let res = pool.insert_tx(valid_tx, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce);
        res.unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(pool.len(), 1);

        let valid_tx = f.validated(tx.next());
        let InsertOk { updates, replaced_tx, move_to, state, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(valid_tx.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();

        assert!(updates.is_empty());
        assert!(replaced_tx.is_none());
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert!(!state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BALANCE));
        assert_eq!(move_to, SubPool::Queued);

        assert!(pool.contains(valid_tx.hash()));
        assert_eq!(pool.len(), 2);
        let inserted = pool.get(valid_tx.id()).unwrap();
        assert!(inserted.state.intersects(expected_state));
    }

    #[test]
    // Test that on_canonical_state_change doesn't double-process transactions
    // when both fee and account updates would affect the same transaction
    fn test_on_canonical_state_change_no_double_processing() {
        let mut tx_factory = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        // Setup: Create a sender with a transaction in basefee pool
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().with_gas_price(50).with_gas_limit(30_000);
        let sender = tx.sender();

        // Set high base fee initially
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_basefee = 100;
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        let validated = tx_factory.validated(tx);
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(10_000_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        // Get sender_id after the transaction has been added
        let sender_id = tx_factory.ids.sender_id(&sender).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 0);

        // Now simulate a canonical state change with:
        // 1. Lower base fee (would promote tx)
        // 2. Account balance update (would also evaluate tx)
        block_info.pending_basefee = 40;

        let mut changed_senders = FxHashMap::default();
        changed_senders.insert(
            sender_id,
            SenderInfo {
                state_nonce: 0,
                balance: U256::from(20_000_000), // Increased balance
            },
        );

        let outcome = pool.on_canonical_state_change(
            block_info,
            vec![], // no mined transactions
            changed_senders,
            PoolUpdateKind::Commit,
        );

        // Transaction should be promoted exactly once
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1, "Transaction should be in pending pool");
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 0, "Transaction should not be in basefee pool");
        assert_eq!(outcome.promoted.len(), 1, "Should report exactly one promotion");
    }

    #[test]
    // Regression test: ensure we don't double-count promotions when base fee
    // decreases and account is updated. This test would fail before the fix.
    fn test_canonical_state_change_with_basefee_update_regression() {
        let mut tx_factory = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        // Create transactions from different senders to test independently
        let sender_balance = U256::from(100_000_000);

        // Sender 1: tx will be promoted (gas price 60 > new base fee 50)
        let tx1 =
            MockTransaction::eip1559().with_gas_price(60).with_gas_limit(21_000).with_nonce(0);
        let sender1 = tx1.sender();

        // Sender 2: tx will be promoted (gas price 55 > new base fee 50)
        let tx2 =
            MockTransaction::eip1559().with_gas_price(55).with_gas_limit(21_000).with_nonce(0);
        let sender2 = tx2.sender();

        // Sender 3: tx will NOT be promoted (gas price 45 < new base fee 50)
        let tx3 =
            MockTransaction::eip1559().with_gas_price(45).with_gas_limit(21_000).with_nonce(0);
        let sender3 = tx3.sender();

        // Set high initial base fee (all txs will go to basefee pool)
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_basefee = 70;
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        // Add all transactions
        let validated1 = tx_factory.validated(tx1);
        let validated2 = tx_factory.validated(tx2);
        let validated3 = tx_factory.validated(tx3);

        pool.add_transaction(validated1, sender_balance, 0, None).unwrap();
        pool.add_transaction(validated2, sender_balance, 0, None).unwrap();
        pool.add_transaction(validated3, sender_balance, 0, None).unwrap();

        let sender1_id = tx_factory.ids.sender_id(&sender1).unwrap();
        let sender2_id = tx_factory.ids.sender_id(&sender2).unwrap();
        let sender3_id = tx_factory.ids.sender_id(&sender3).unwrap();

        // All should be in basefee pool initially
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 3, "All txs should be in basefee pool");
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 0, "No txs should be in pending pool");

        // Now decrease base fee to 50 - this should promote tx1 and tx2 (prices 60 and 55)
        // but not tx3 (price 45)
        block_info.pending_basefee = 50;

        // Update all senders' balances (simulating account state changes)
        let mut changed_senders = FxHashMap::default();
        changed_senders.insert(
            sender1_id,
            SenderInfo { state_nonce: 0, balance: sender_balance + U256::from(1000) },
        );
        changed_senders.insert(
            sender2_id,
            SenderInfo { state_nonce: 0, balance: sender_balance + U256::from(1000) },
        );
        changed_senders.insert(
            sender3_id,
            SenderInfo { state_nonce: 0, balance: sender_balance + U256::from(1000) },
        );

        let outcome = pool.on_canonical_state_change(
            block_info,
            vec![],
            changed_senders,
            PoolUpdateKind::Commit,
        );

        // Check final state
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 2, "tx1 and tx2 should be promoted");
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 1, "tx3 should remain in basefee");

        // CRITICAL: Should report exactly 2 promotions, not 4 (which would happen with
        // double-processing)
        assert_eq!(
            outcome.promoted.len(),
            2,
            "Should report exactly 2 promotions, not double-counted"
        );

        // Verify the correct transactions were promoted
        let promoted_prices: Vec<u128> =
            outcome.promoted.iter().map(|tx| tx.max_fee_per_gas()).collect();
        assert!(promoted_prices.contains(&60));
        assert!(promoted_prices.contains(&55));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_basefee_decrease_with_empty_senders() {
        // Test that fee promotions still occur when basefee decreases
        // even with no changed_senders
        let mut tx_factory = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        // Create transaction that will be promoted when fee drops
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().with_gas_price(60).with_gas_limit(21_000);

        // Set high initial base fee
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_basefee = 100;
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        // Add transaction - should go to basefee pool
        let validated = tx_factory.validated(tx);
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(10_000_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 0);

        // Decrease base fee with NO changed senders
        block_info.pending_basefee = 50;
        let outcome = pool.on_canonical_state_change(
            block_info,
            vec![],
            FxHashMap::default(), // Empty changed_senders!
            PoolUpdateKind::Commit,
        );

        // Transaction should still be promoted by fee-driven logic
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1, "Fee decrease should promote tx");
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(outcome.promoted.len(), 1, "Should report promotion from fee update");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_basefee_decrease_account_makes_unfundable() {
        // Test that when basefee decreases but account update makes tx unfundable,
        // we don't get transient promote-then-discard double counting
        let mut tx_factory = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().with_gas_price(60).with_gas_limit(21_000);
        let sender = tx.sender();

        // High initial base fee
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_basefee = 100;
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        let validated = tx_factory.validated(tx);
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(10_000_000), 0, None).unwrap();
        let sender_id = tx_factory.ids.sender_id(&sender).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 1);

        // Decrease base fee (would normally promote) but also drain account
        block_info.pending_basefee = 50;
        let mut changed_senders = FxHashMap::default();
        changed_senders.insert(
            sender_id,
            SenderInfo {
                state_nonce: 0,
                balance: U256::from(100), // Too low to pay for gas!
            },
        );

        let outcome = pool.on_canonical_state_change(
            block_info,
            vec![],
            changed_senders,
            PoolUpdateKind::Commit,
        );

        // With insufficient balance, transaction goes to queued pool
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 0, "Unfunded tx should not be in pending");
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 0, "Tx no longer in basefee pool");
        assert_eq!(pool.queued_pool.len(), 1, "Unfunded tx should be in queued pool");

        // Transaction is not removed, just moved to queued
        let tx_count = pool.all_transactions.txs.len();
        assert_eq!(tx_count, 1, "Transaction should still be in pool (in queued)");

        assert_eq!(outcome.promoted.len(), 0, "Should not report promotion");
        assert_eq!(outcome.discarded.len(), 0, "Queued tx is not reported as discarded");
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_already_imported() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::ZERO;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price().inc_limit();
        let tx = f.validated(tx);
        pool.add_transaction(tx.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        match pool.add_transaction(tx, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap_err().kind {
            PoolErrorKind::AlreadyImported => {}
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_replace() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::ZERO;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price().inc_limit();
        let first = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let _ = pool.insert_tx(first.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        let replacement = f.validated(tx.rng_hash().inc_price());
        let InsertOk { updates, replaced_tx, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(replacement.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        assert!(updates.is_empty());
        let replaced = replaced_tx.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(replaced.0.hash(), first.hash());

        // ensure replaced tx is fully removed
        assert!(!pool.contains(first.hash()));
        assert!(pool.contains(replacement.hash()));
        assert_eq!(pool.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_replace_txpool() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::ZERO;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::mock();

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price().inc_limit();
        let first = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let first_added =
            pool.add_transaction(first, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let replacement = f.validated(tx.rng_hash().inc_price());
        let replacement_added = pool
            .add_transaction(replacement.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None)
            .unwrap();

        // // ensure replaced tx removed
        assert!(!pool.contains(first_added.hash()));
        // but the replacement is still there
        assert!(pool.subpool_contains(replacement_added.subpool(), replacement_added.id()));

        assert!(pool.contains(replacement.hash()));
        let size = pool.size();
        assert_eq!(size.total, 1);
        size.assert_invariants();
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_replace_underpriced() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::ZERO;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price().inc_limit();
        let first = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let _res = pool.insert_tx(first, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce);
        let mut replacement = f.validated(tx.rng_hash());
        replacement.transaction = replacement.transaction.decr_price();
        let err = pool.insert_tx(replacement, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(err, InsertErr::Underpriced { .. }));
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_replace_underpriced_not_enough_bump() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::ZERO;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        let mut tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price().inc_limit();
        tx.set_priority_fee(100);
        tx.set_max_fee(100);
        let first = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let _ = pool.insert_tx(first.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        let mut replacement = f.validated(tx.rng_hash().inc_price());

        // a price bump of 9% is not enough for a default min price bump of 10%
        replacement.transaction.set_priority_fee(109);
        replacement.transaction.set_max_fee(109);
        let err =
            pool.insert_tx(replacement.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(err, InsertErr::Underpriced { .. }));
        // ensure first tx is not removed
        assert!(pool.contains(first.hash()));
        assert_eq!(pool.len(), 1);

        // should also fail if the bump in max fee is not enough
        replacement.transaction.set_priority_fee(110);
        replacement.transaction.set_max_fee(109);
        let err =
            pool.insert_tx(replacement.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(err, InsertErr::Underpriced { .. }));
        assert!(pool.contains(first.hash()));
        assert_eq!(pool.len(), 1);

        // should also fail if the bump in priority fee is not enough
        replacement.transaction.set_priority_fee(109);
        replacement.transaction.set_max_fee(110);
        let err = pool.insert_tx(replacement, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(err, InsertErr::Underpriced { .. }));
        assert!(pool.contains(first.hash()));
        assert_eq!(pool.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_replace_underpriced_rounds_up_minimum_bump() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::ZERO;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions { minimal_protocol_basefee: 0, ..Default::default() };
        let mut tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price().inc_limit();
        tx.set_priority_fee(1);
        tx.set_max_fee(1);

        let first = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let _ = pool.insert_tx(first.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();

        let mut replacement = f.validated(tx.rng_hash().inc_price());
        replacement.transaction.set_priority_fee(1);
        replacement.transaction.set_max_fee(2);
        let err =
            pool.insert_tx(replacement.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(err, InsertErr::Underpriced { .. }));
        assert!(pool.contains(first.hash()));
        assert_eq!(pool.len(), 1);

        replacement.transaction.set_priority_fee(2);
        replacement.transaction.set_max_fee(2);
        let replaced = pool.insert_tx(replacement, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        assert!(replaced.replaced_tx.is_some());
        assert_eq!(pool.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_conflicting_type_normal_to_blob() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price().inc_limit();
        let first = f.validated(tx.clone());
        pool.insert_tx(first, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().set_sender(tx.sender()).inc_price_by(100).inc_limit();
        let blob = f.validated(tx);
        let err = pool.insert_tx(blob, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(err, InsertErr::TxTypeConflict { .. }), "{err:?}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_conflicting_type_blob_to_normal() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().inc_price().inc_limit();
        let first = f.validated(tx.clone());
        pool.insert_tx(first, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_sender(tx.sender()).inc_price_by(100).inc_limit();
        let tx = f.validated(tx);
        let err = pool.insert_tx(tx, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(err, InsertErr::TxTypeConflict { .. }), "{err:?}");
    }

    // insert nonce then nonce - 1
    #[test]
    fn insert_previous() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::ZERO;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_nonce().inc_price().inc_limit();
        let first = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let _res = pool.insert_tx(first.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce);

        let first_in_pool = pool.get(first.id()).unwrap();

        // has nonce gap
        assert!(!first_in_pool.state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));

        let prev = f.validated(tx.prev());
        let InsertOk { updates, replaced_tx, state, move_to, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(prev, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();

        // no updates since still in queued pool
        assert!(updates.is_empty());
        assert!(replaced_tx.is_none());
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert_eq!(move_to, SubPool::Queued);

        let first_in_pool = pool.get(first.id()).unwrap();
        // has non nonce gap
        assert!(first_in_pool.state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
    }

    // insert nonce then nonce - 1
    #[test]
    fn insert_with_updates() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_nonce().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let first = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let _res = pool.insert_tx(first.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();

        let first_in_pool = pool.get(first.id()).unwrap();
        // has nonce gap
        assert!(!first_in_pool.state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert_eq!(SubPool::Queued, first_in_pool.subpool);

        let prev = f.validated(tx.prev());
        let InsertOk { updates, replaced_tx, state, move_to, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(prev, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();

        // updated previous tx
        assert_eq!(updates.len(), 1);
        assert!(replaced_tx.is_none());
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert_eq!(move_to, SubPool::Pending);

        let first_in_pool = pool.get(first.id()).unwrap();
        // has non nonce gap
        assert!(first_in_pool.state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert_eq!(SubPool::Pending, first_in_pool.subpool);
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_previous_blocking() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(1_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();
        pool.pending_fees.base_fee = pool.minimal_protocol_basefee.checked_add(1).unwrap();
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_nonce().inc_limit();
        let first = f.validated(tx.clone());

        let _res = pool.insert_tx(first.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce);

        let first_in_pool = pool.get(first.id()).unwrap();

        assert!(tx.get_gas_price() < pool.pending_fees.base_fee as u128);
        // has nonce gap
        assert!(!first_in_pool.state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));

        let prev = f.validated(tx.prev());
        let InsertOk { updates, replaced_tx, state, move_to, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(prev, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();

        assert!(!state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        // no updates since still in queued pool
        assert!(updates.is_empty());
        assert!(replaced_tx.is_none());
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
        assert_eq!(move_to, SubPool::BaseFee);

        let first_in_pool = pool.get(first.id()).unwrap();
        // has non nonce gap
        assert!(first_in_pool.state.contains(TxState::NO_NONCE_GAPS));
    }

    #[test]
    fn rejects_spammer() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(1_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();

        let mut tx = MockTransaction::eip1559();
        let unblocked_tx = tx.clone();
        for _ in 0..pool.max_account_slots {
            tx = tx.next();
            pool.insert_tx(f.validated(tx.clone()), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        }

        assert_eq!(
            pool.max_account_slots,
            pool.tx_count(f.ids.sender_id(tx.get_sender()).unwrap())
        );

        let err =
            pool.insert_tx(f.validated(tx.next()), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(err, InsertErr::ExceededSenderTransactionsCapacity { .. }));

        assert!(pool
            .insert_tx(f.validated(unblocked_tx), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce)
            .is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn allow_local_spamming() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(1_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();

        let mut tx = MockTransaction::eip1559();
        for _ in 0..pool.max_account_slots {
            tx = tx.next();
            pool.insert_tx(
                f.validated_with_origin(TransactionOrigin::Local, tx.clone()),
                on_chain_balance,
                on_chain_nonce,
            )
            .unwrap();
        }

        assert_eq!(
            pool.max_account_slots,
            pool.tx_count(f.ids.sender_id(tx.get_sender()).unwrap())
        );

        pool.insert_tx(
            f.validated_with_origin(TransactionOrigin::Local, tx.next()),
            on_chain_balance,
            on_chain_nonce,
        )
        .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn reject_tx_over_gas_limit() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(1_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().with_gas_limit(30_000_001);

        assert!(matches!(
            pool.insert_tx(f.validated(tx), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce),
            Err(InsertErr::TxGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_tx_equal_gas_limit() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(1_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = AllTransactions::default();

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().with_gas_limit(30_000_000);

        let InsertOk { state, .. } =
            pool.insert_tx(f.validated(tx), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce).unwrap();
        assert!(state.contains(TxState::NOT_TOO_MUCH_GAS));
    }

    #[test]
    fn update_basefee_subpools() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price_by(10);
        let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let id = *validated.id();
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);

        pool.update_basefee((tx.max_fee_per_gas() + 1) as u64, |_| {});

        assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 1);

        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap().subpool, SubPool::BaseFee)
    }

    #[test]
    fn update_basefee_subpools_setting_block_info() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price_by(10);
        let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let id = *validated.id();
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);

        // use set_block_info for the basefee update
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_basefee = (tx.max_fee_per_gas() + 1) as u64;
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 1);

        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap().subpool, SubPool::BaseFee)
    }

    #[test]
    fn basefee_decrease_promotes_affordable_and_keeps_unaffordable() {
        use alloy_primitives::address;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        // Create transactions that will be in basefee pool (can't afford initial high fee)
        // Use different senders to avoid nonce gap issues
        let sender_a = address!("0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a");
        let sender_b = address!("0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000b");
        let sender_c = address!("0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000c");

        let tx1 = MockTransaction::eip1559()
            .set_sender(sender_a)
            .set_nonce(0)
            .set_max_fee(500)
            .inc_limit();
        let tx2 = MockTransaction::eip1559()
            .set_sender(sender_b)
            .set_nonce(0)
            .set_max_fee(600)
            .inc_limit();
        let tx3 = MockTransaction::eip1559()
            .set_sender(sender_c)
            .set_nonce(0)
            .set_max_fee(400)
            .inc_limit();

        // Set high initial basefee so transactions go to basefee pool
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_basefee = 700;
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        let validated1 = f.validated(tx1);
        let validated2 = f.validated(tx2);
        let validated3 = f.validated(tx3);
        let id1 = *validated1.id();
        let id2 = *validated2.id();
        let id3 = *validated3.id();

        // Add transactions - they should go to basefee pool due to high basefee
        // All transactions have nonce 0 from different senders, so on_chain_nonce should be 0 for
        // all
        pool.add_transaction(validated1, U256::from(10_000), 0, None).unwrap();
        pool.add_transaction(validated2, U256::from(10_000), 0, None).unwrap();
        pool.add_transaction(validated3, U256::from(10_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        // Debug: Check where transactions ended up
        println!("Basefee pool len: {}", pool.basefee_pool.len());
        println!("Pending pool len: {}", pool.pending_pool.len());
        println!("tx1 subpool: {:?}", pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id1).unwrap().subpool);
        println!("tx2 subpool: {:?}", pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id2).unwrap().subpool);
        println!("tx3 subpool: {:?}", pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id3).unwrap().subpool);

        // Verify they're in basefee pool
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id1).unwrap().subpool, SubPool::BaseFee);
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id2).unwrap().subpool, SubPool::BaseFee);
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id3).unwrap().subpool, SubPool::BaseFee);

        // Now decrease basefee to trigger the zero-allocation optimization
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_basefee = 450; // tx1 (500) and tx2 (600) can now afford it, tx3 (400) cannot
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        // Verify the optimization worked correctly:
        // - tx1 and tx2 should be promoted to pending (mathematical certainty)
        // - tx3 should remain in basefee pool
        // - All state transitions should be correct
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 2);

        // tx3 should still be in basefee pool (fee 400 < basefee 450)
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id3).unwrap().subpool, SubPool::BaseFee);

        // tx1 and tx2 should be in pending pool with correct state bits
        let tx1_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id1).unwrap();
        let tx2_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id2).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(tx1_meta.subpool, SubPool::Pending);
        assert_eq!(tx2_meta.subpool, SubPool::Pending);
        assert!(tx1_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert!(tx2_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));

        // Verify that best_transactions returns the promoted transactions
        let best: Vec<_> = pool.best_transactions().take(3).collect();
        assert_eq!(best.len(), 2); // Only tx1 and tx2 should be returned
        assert!(best.iter().any(|tx| tx.id() == &id1));
        assert!(best.iter().any(|tx| tx.id() == &id2));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_fee_updates_records_promotions_after_basefee_drop() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559()
            .with_gas_limit(21_000)
            .with_max_fee(500)
            .with_priority_fee(1);
        let validated = f.validated(tx);
        let id = *validated.id();
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);

        // Raise base fee beyond the transaction's cap so it gets parked in BaseFee pool.
        pool.update_basefee(600, |_| {});
        assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 1);

        let prev_base_fee = 600;
        let prev_blob_fee = pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee;

        // Simulate the canonical state path updating pending fees before applying promotions.
        pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee = 400;

        let mut outcome = UpdateOutcome::default();
        pool.apply_fee_updates(prev_base_fee, prev_blob_fee, &mut outcome);

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);
        assert!(pool.basefee_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(outcome.promoted.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(outcome.promoted[0].id(), &id);
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee, 400);
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee, prev_blob_fee);

        let tx_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(tx_meta.subpool, SubPool::Pending);
        assert!(tx_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_fee_updates_records_promotions_after_blob_fee_drop() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let initial_blob_fee = pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee;

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().with_blob_fee(initial_blob_fee + 100);
        let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let id = *validated.id();
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);

        // Raise blob fee beyond the transaction's cap so it gets parked in Blob pool.
        let increased_blob_fee = tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap() + 200;
        pool.update_blob_fee(increased_blob_fee, Ordering::Equal, |_| {});
        assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(pool.blob_pool.len(), 1);

        let prev_base_fee = pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee;
        let prev_blob_fee = pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee;

        // Simulate the canonical state path updating pending fees before applying promotions.
        pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee = tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap();

        let mut outcome = UpdateOutcome::default();
        pool.apply_fee_updates(prev_base_fee, prev_blob_fee, &mut outcome);

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);
        assert!(pool.blob_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(outcome.promoted.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(outcome.promoted[0].id(), &id);
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee, prev_base_fee);
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee, tx.max_fee_per_blob_gas().unwrap());

        let tx_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(tx_meta.subpool, SubPool::Pending);
        assert!(tx_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert!(tx_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_fee_updates_promotes_blob_after_basefee_drop() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let initial_blob_fee = pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee;

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844()
            .with_max_fee(500)
            .with_priority_fee(1)
            .with_blob_fee(initial_blob_fee + 100);
        let validated = f.validated(tx);
        let id = *validated.id();
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);

        // Raise base fee beyond the transaction's cap so it gets parked in Blob pool.
        let high_base_fee = 600;
        pool.update_basefee(high_base_fee, |_| {});
        assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(pool.blob_pool.len(), 1);

        let prev_base_fee = high_base_fee;
        let prev_blob_fee = pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee;

        // Simulate applying a lower base fee while keeping blob fee unchanged.
        pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee = 400;

        let mut outcome = UpdateOutcome::default();
        pool.apply_fee_updates(prev_base_fee, prev_blob_fee, &mut outcome);

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);
        assert!(pool.blob_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(outcome.promoted.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(outcome.promoted[0].id(), &id);
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee, 400);
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee, prev_blob_fee);

        let tx_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(tx_meta.subpool, SubPool::Pending);
        assert!(tx_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert!(tx_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_fee_updates_demotes_after_basefee_rise() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559()
            .with_gas_limit(21_000)
            .with_max_fee(400)
            .with_priority_fee(1);
        let validated = f.validated(tx);
        let id = *validated.id();
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);

        let prev_base_fee = pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee;
        let prev_blob_fee = pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee;

        // Simulate canonical path raising the base fee beyond the transaction's cap.
        let new_base_fee = prev_base_fee + 1_000;
        pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee = new_base_fee;

        let mut outcome = UpdateOutcome::default();
        pool.apply_fee_updates(prev_base_fee, prev_blob_fee, &mut outcome);

        assert!(pool.pending_pool.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(pool.basefee_pool.len(), 1);
        assert!(outcome.promoted.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.base_fee, new_base_fee);
        assert_eq!(pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee, prev_blob_fee);

        let tx_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(tx_meta.subpool, SubPool::BaseFee);
        assert!(!tx_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
    }

    #[test]
    fn get_highest_transaction_by_sender_and_nonce() {
        // Set up a mock transaction factory and a new transaction pool.
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        // Create a mock transaction and add it to the pool.
        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559();
        pool.add_transaction(f.validated(tx.clone()), U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        // Create another mock transaction with an incremented price.
        let tx1 = tx.inc_price().next();

        // Validate the second mock transaction and add it to the pool.
        let tx1_validated = f.validated(tx1.clone());
        pool.add_transaction(tx1_validated, U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        // Ensure that the calculated next nonce for the sender matches the expected value.
        assert_eq!(
            pool.get_highest_nonce_by_sender(f.ids.sender_id(&tx.sender()).unwrap()),
            Some(1)
        );

        // Retrieve the highest transaction by sender.
        let highest_tx = pool
            .get_highest_transaction_by_sender(f.ids.sender_id(&tx.sender()).unwrap())
            .expect("Failed to retrieve highest transaction");

        // Validate that the retrieved highest transaction matches the expected transaction.
        assert_eq!(highest_tx.as_ref().transaction, tx1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn get_highest_consecutive_transaction_by_sender() {
        // Set up a mock transaction factory and a new transaction pool.
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), PoolConfig::default());
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();

        // Create transactions with nonces 0, 1, 2, 4, 5.
        let sender = Address::random();
        let txs: Vec<_> = vec![0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9];
        for nonce in txs {
            let mut mock_tx = MockTransaction::eip1559();
            mock_tx.set_sender(sender);
            mock_tx.set_nonce(nonce);

            let validated_tx = f.validated(mock_tx);
            pool.add_transaction(validated_tx, U256::from(1000), 0, None).unwrap();
        }

        // Get last consecutive transaction
        let sender_id = f.ids.sender_id(&sender).unwrap();
        let next_tx =
            pool.get_highest_consecutive_transaction_by_sender(sender_id.into_transaction_id(0));
        assert_eq!(next_tx.map(|tx| tx.nonce()), Some(2), "Expected nonce 2 for on-chain nonce 0");

        let next_tx =
            pool.get_highest_consecutive_transaction_by_sender(sender_id.into_transaction_id(4));
        assert_eq!(next_tx.map(|tx| tx.nonce()), Some(5), "Expected nonce 5 for on-chain nonce 4");

        let next_tx =
            pool.get_highest_consecutive_transaction_by_sender(sender_id.into_transaction_id(5));
        assert_eq!(next_tx.map(|tx| tx.nonce()), Some(5), "Expected nonce 5 for on-chain nonce 5");

        // update the tracked nonce
        let mut info = SenderInfo::default();
        info.update(8, U256::ZERO);
        pool.all_transactions.sender_info.insert(sender_id, info);
        let next_tx =
            pool.get_highest_consecutive_transaction_by_sender(sender_id.into_transaction_id(5));
        assert_eq!(next_tx.map(|tx| tx.nonce()), Some(9), "Expected nonce 9 for on-chain nonce 8");
    }

    #[test]
    fn discard_nonce_too_low() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price_by(10);
        let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
        let id = *validated.id();
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        let next = tx.next();
        let validated = f.validated(next.clone());
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 2);

        let mut changed_senders = HashMap::default();
        changed_senders.insert(
            id.sender,
            SenderInfo { state_nonce: next.nonce(), balance: U256::from(1_000) },
        );
        let outcome = pool.update_accounts(changed_senders);
        assert_eq!(outcome.discarded.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn discard_with_large_blob_txs() {
        // init tracing
        reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();

        // this test adds large txs to the parked pool, then attempting to discard worst
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());
        let default_limits = pool.config.blob_limit;

        // create a chain of transactions by sender A
        // make sure they are all one over half the limit
        let a_sender = address!("0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a");

        // set the base fee of the pool
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_blob_fee = Some(100);
        block_info.pending_basefee = 100;

        // update
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        // 2 txs, that should put the pool over the size limit but not max txs
        let a_txs = MockTransactionSet::dependent(a_sender, 0, 2, TxType::Eip4844)
            .into_iter()
            .map(|mut tx| {
                tx.set_size(default_limits.max_size / 2 + 1);
                tx.set_max_fee((block_info.pending_basefee - 1).into());
                tx
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        // add all the transactions to the parked pool
        for tx in a_txs {
            pool.add_transaction(f.validated(tx), U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();
        }

        // truncate the pool, it should remove at least one transaction
        let removed = pool.discard_worst();
        assert_eq!(removed.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn discard_with_parked_large_txs() {
        // init tracing
        reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();

        // this test adds large txs to the parked pool, then attempting to discard worst
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());
        let default_limits = pool.config.queued_limit;

        // create a chain of transactions by sender A
        // make sure they are all one over half the limit
        let a_sender = address!("0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a");

        // set the base fee of the pool
        let pool_base_fee = 100;
        pool.update_basefee(pool_base_fee, |_| {});

        // 2 txs, that should put the pool over the size limit but not max txs
        let a_txs = MockTransactionSet::dependent(a_sender, 0, 3, TxType::Eip1559)
            .into_iter()
            .map(|mut tx| {
                tx.set_size(default_limits.max_size / 2 + 1);
                tx.set_max_fee((pool_base_fee - 1).into());
                tx
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        // add all the transactions to the parked pool
        for tx in a_txs {
            pool.add_transaction(f.validated(tx), U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();
        }

        // truncate the pool, it should remove at least one transaction
        let removed = pool.discard_worst();
        assert_eq!(removed.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn discard_at_capacity() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let queued_limit = SubPoolLimit::new(1000, usize::MAX);
        let mut pool =
            TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), PoolConfig { queued_limit, ..Default::default() });

        // insert a bunch of transactions into the queued pool
        for _ in 0..queued_limit.max_txs {
            let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price_by(10).inc_nonce();
            let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
            let _id = *validated.id();
            pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();
        }

        let size = pool.size();
        assert_eq!(size.queued, queued_limit.max_txs);

        for _ in 0..queued_limit.max_txs {
            let tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price_by(10).inc_nonce();
            let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
            let _id = *validated.id();
            pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();

            pool.discard_worst();
            pool.assert_invariants();
            assert!(pool.size().queued <= queued_limit.max_txs);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn discard_blobs_at_capacity() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let blob_limit = SubPoolLimit::new(1000, usize::MAX);
        let mut pool =
            TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), PoolConfig { blob_limit, ..Default::default() });
        pool.all_transactions.pending_fees.blob_fee = 10000;
        // insert a bunch of transactions into the queued pool
        for _ in 0..blob_limit.max_txs {
            let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().inc_price_by(100).with_blob_fee(100);
            let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
            let _id = *validated.id();
            pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();
        }

        let size = pool.size();
        assert_eq!(size.blob, blob_limit.max_txs);

        for _ in 0..blob_limit.max_txs {
            let tx = MockTransaction::eip4844().inc_price_by(100).with_blob_fee(100);
            let validated = f.validated(tx.clone());
            let _id = *validated.id();
            pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(1_000), 0, None).unwrap();

            pool.discard_worst();
            pool.assert_invariants();
            assert!(pool.size().blob <= blob_limit.max_txs);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn account_updates_sender_balance() {
        let mut on_chain_balance = U256::from(100);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx_0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_1 = tx_0.next();
        let tx_2 = tx_1.next();

        // Create 3 transactions
        let v0 = f.validated(tx_0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx_1);
        let v2 = f.validated(tx_2);

        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v0.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v1, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v2, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        // The sender does not have enough balance to put all txs into pending.
        assert_eq!(1, pool.pending_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(2, pool.queued_transactions().len());

        // Simulate new block arrival - and chain balance increase.
        let mut updated_accounts = HashMap::default();
        on_chain_balance = U256::from(300);
        updated_accounts.insert(
            v0.sender_id(),
            SenderInfo { state_nonce: on_chain_nonce, balance: on_chain_balance },
        );
        pool.update_accounts(updated_accounts.clone());

        assert_eq!(3, pool.pending_transactions().len());
        assert!(pool.queued_transactions().is_empty());

        // Simulate new block arrival - and chain balance decrease.
        updated_accounts.entry(v0.sender_id()).and_modify(|v| v.balance = U256::from(1));
        pool.update_accounts(updated_accounts);

        assert!(pool.pending_transactions().is_empty());
        assert_eq!(3, pool.queued_transactions().len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn account_updates_nonce_gap() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let mut on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx_0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_1 = tx_0.next();
        let tx_2 = tx_1.next();

        // Create 3 transactions
        let v0 = f.validated(tx_0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx_1);
        let v2 = f.validated(tx_2);

        // Add first 2 to the pool
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v0.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v1, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        assert!(pool.queued_transactions().is_empty());
        assert_eq!(2, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        // Remove first (nonce 0)
        pool.remove_transaction_by_hash(v0.hash());

        // Now add transaction with nonce 2
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v2, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        // v1 and v2 should both be in the queue now.
        assert_eq!(2, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert!(pool.pending_transactions().is_empty());

        // Simulate new block arrival - and chain nonce increasing.
        let mut updated_accounts = HashMap::default();
        on_chain_nonce += 1;
        updated_accounts.insert(
            v0.sender_id(),
            SenderInfo { state_nonce: on_chain_nonce, balance: on_chain_balance },
        );
        pool.update_accounts(updated_accounts);

        // 'pending' now).
        assert!(pool.queued_transactions().is_empty());
        assert_eq!(2, pool.pending_transactions().len());
    }
    #[test]
    fn test_transaction_removal() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx_0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_1 = tx_0.next();

        // Create 2 transactions
        let v0 = f.validated(tx_0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx_1);

        // Add them to the pool
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v0.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v1.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(2, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        // Remove first (nonce 0) - simulating that it was taken to be a part of the block.
        pool.remove_transaction(v0.id());
        // assert the second transaction is really at the top of the queue
        let pool_txs = pool.best_transactions().map(|x| x.id().nonce).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(vec![v1.nonce()], pool_txs);
    }
    #[test]
    fn test_remove_transactions() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx_0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_1 = tx_0.next();
        let tx_2 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_3 = tx_2.next();

        // Create 4 transactions
        let v0 = f.validated(tx_0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx_1);
        let v2 = f.validated(tx_2);
        let v3 = f.validated(tx_3);

        // Add them to the pool
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v0.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v1.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v2.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v3.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(4, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        pool.remove_transactions(vec![*v0.hash(), *v2.hash()]);

        assert_eq!(2, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert!(pool.pending_transactions().is_empty());
        assert!(pool.contains(v1.hash()));
        assert!(pool.contains(v3.hash()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_remove_transactions_middle_pending_hash() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx_0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_1 = tx_0.next();
        let tx_2 = tx_1.next();
        let tx_3 = tx_2.next();

        // Create 4 transactions
        let v0 = f.validated(tx_0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx_1);
        let v2 = f.validated(tx_2);
        let v3 = f.validated(tx_3);

        // Add them to the pool
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v0, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v1.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v2, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v3, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(4, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        let mut removed_txs = pool.remove_transactions(vec![*v1.hash()]);
        assert_eq!(1, removed_txs.len());

        assert_eq!(2, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(1, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        // reinsert
        let removed_tx = removed_txs.pop().unwrap();
        let v1 = f.validated(removed_tx.transaction.clone());
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v1, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(4, pool.pending_transactions().len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_remove_transactions_and_descendants() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx_0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_1 = tx_0.next();
        let tx_2 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_3 = tx_2.next();
        let tx_4 = tx_3.next();

        // Create 5 transactions
        let v0 = f.validated(tx_0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx_1);
        let v2 = f.validated(tx_2);
        let v3 = f.validated(tx_3);
        let v4 = f.validated(tx_4);

        // Add them to the pool
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v0.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v1, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v2.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v3, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v4, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(5, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        pool.remove_transactions_and_descendants(vec![*v0.hash(), *v2.hash()]);

        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(0, pool.pending_transactions().len());
    }
    #[test]
    fn test_remove_descendants() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx_0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_1 = tx_0.next();
        let tx_2 = tx_1.next();
        let tx_3 = tx_2.next();

        // Create 4 transactions
        let v0 = f.validated(tx_0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx_1);
        let v2 = f.validated(tx_2);
        let v3 = f.validated(tx_3);

        // Add them to the  pool
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v0.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v1, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v2, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v3, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(4, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        let mut removed = Vec::new();
        pool.remove_transaction(v0.id());
        pool.remove_descendants(v0.id(), &mut removed);

        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(0, pool.pending_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(3, removed.len());
    }
    #[test]
    fn test_remove_transactions_by_sender() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx_0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_1 = tx_0.next();
        let tx_2 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_3 = tx_2.next();
        let tx_4 = tx_3.next();

        // Create 5 transactions
        let v0 = f.validated(tx_0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx_1);
        let v2 = f.validated(tx_2);
        let v3 = f.validated(tx_3);
        let v4 = f.validated(tx_4);

        // Add them to the pool
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v0.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v1.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v2.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v3, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v4, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(5, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        pool.remove_transactions_by_sender(v2.sender_id());

        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(2, pool.pending_transactions().len());
        assert!(pool.contains(v0.hash()));
        assert!(pool.contains(v1.hash()));
    }
    #[test]
    fn wrong_best_order_of_transactions() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);
        let mut on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx_0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_1 = tx_0.next();
        let tx_2 = tx_1.next();
        let tx_3 = tx_2.next();

        // Create 4 transactions
        let v0 = f.validated(tx_0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx_1);
        let v2 = f.validated(tx_2);
        let v3 = f.validated(tx_3);

        // Add first 2 to the pool
        let _res =
            pool.add_transaction(v0.clone(), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v1, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(2, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        // Remove first (nonce 0) - simulating that it was taken to be a part of the block.
        pool.remove_transaction(v0.id());

        // Now add transaction with nonce 2
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v2, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();

        // v2 is in the queue now. v1 is still in 'pending'.
        assert_eq!(1, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(1, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        // Simulate new block arrival - and chain nonce increasing.
        let mut updated_accounts = HashMap::default();
        on_chain_nonce += 1;
        updated_accounts.insert(
            v0.sender_id(),
            SenderInfo { state_nonce: on_chain_nonce, balance: on_chain_balance },
        );
        pool.update_accounts(updated_accounts);

        // Transactions are not changed (IMHO - this is a bug, as transaction v2 should be in the
        // 'pending' now).
        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(2, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        // Add transaction v3 - it 'unclogs' everything.
        let _res = pool.add_transaction(v3, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(3, pool.pending_transactions().len());

        // It should have returned transactions in order (v1, v2, v3 - as there is nothing blocking
        // them).
        assert_eq!(
            pool.best_transactions().map(|x| x.id().nonce).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![1, 2, 3]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_best_with_attributes() {
        let on_chain_balance = U256::MAX;
        let on_chain_nonce = 0;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let base_fee: u128 = 100;
        let blob_fee: u128 = 100;

        // set base fee and blob fee.
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_basefee = base_fee as u64;
        block_info.pending_blob_fee = Some(blob_fee);
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        // Insert transactions with varying max_fee_per_gas and max_fee_per_blob_gas.
        let tx1 = MockTransaction::eip4844()
            .with_sender(Address::with_last_byte(1))
            .with_max_fee(base_fee + 10)
            .with_blob_fee(blob_fee + 10);
        let tx2 = MockTransaction::eip4844()
            .with_sender(Address::with_last_byte(2))
            .with_max_fee(base_fee + 10)
            .with_blob_fee(blob_fee);
        let tx3 = MockTransaction::eip4844()
            .with_sender(Address::with_last_byte(3))
            .with_max_fee(base_fee)
            .with_blob_fee(blob_fee + 10);
        let tx4 = MockTransaction::eip4844()
            .with_sender(Address::with_last_byte(4))
            .with_max_fee(base_fee)
            .with_blob_fee(blob_fee);
        let tx5 = MockTransaction::eip4844()
            .with_sender(Address::with_last_byte(5))
            .with_max_fee(base_fee)
            .with_blob_fee(blob_fee - 10);
        let tx6 = MockTransaction::eip4844()
            .with_sender(Address::with_last_byte(6))
            .with_max_fee(base_fee - 10)
            .with_blob_fee(blob_fee);
        let tx7 = MockTransaction::eip4844()
            .with_sender(Address::with_last_byte(7))
            .with_max_fee(base_fee - 10)
            .with_blob_fee(blob_fee - 10);

        for tx in vec![
            tx1.clone(),
            tx2.clone(),
            tx3.clone(),
            tx4.clone(),
            tx5.clone(),
            tx6.clone(),
            tx7.clone(),
        ] {
            pool.add_transaction(f.validated(tx.clone()), on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None)
                .unwrap();
        }

        let base_fee = base_fee as u64;
        let blob_fee = blob_fee as u64;

        let cases = vec![
            // 1. Base fee increase, blob fee increase
            (BestTransactionsAttributes::new(base_fee + 5, Some(blob_fee + 5)), vec![tx1.clone()]),
            // 2. Base fee increase, blob fee not change
            (
                BestTransactionsAttributes::new(base_fee + 5, Some(blob_fee)),
                vec![tx1.clone(), tx2.clone()],
            ),
            // 3. Base fee increase, blob fee decrease
            (
                BestTransactionsAttributes::new(base_fee + 5, Some(blob_fee - 5)),
                vec![tx1.clone(), tx2.clone()],
            ),
            // 4. Base fee not change, blob fee increase
            (
                BestTransactionsAttributes::new(base_fee, Some(blob_fee + 5)),
                vec![tx1.clone(), tx3.clone()],
            ),
            // 5. Base fee not change, blob fee not change
            (
                BestTransactionsAttributes::new(base_fee, Some(blob_fee)),
                vec![tx1.clone(), tx2.clone(), tx3.clone(), tx4.clone()],
            ),
            // 6. Base fee not change, blob fee decrease
            (
                BestTransactionsAttributes::new(base_fee, Some(blob_fee - 10)),
                vec![tx1.clone(), tx2.clone(), tx3.clone(), tx4.clone(), tx5.clone()],
            ),
            // 7. Base fee decrease, blob fee increase
            (
                BestTransactionsAttributes::new(base_fee - 5, Some(blob_fee + 5)),
                vec![tx1.clone(), tx3.clone()],
            ),
            // 8. Base fee decrease, blob fee not change
            (
                BestTransactionsAttributes::new(base_fee - 10, Some(blob_fee)),
                vec![tx1.clone(), tx2.clone(), tx3.clone(), tx4.clone(), tx6.clone()],
            ),
            // 9. Base fee decrease, blob fee decrease
            (
                BestTransactionsAttributes::new(base_fee - 10, Some(blob_fee - 10)),
                vec![tx1, tx2, tx5, tx3, tx4, tx6, tx7],
            ),
        ];

        for (idx, (attribute, expected)) in cases.into_iter().enumerate() {
            let mut best = pool.best_transactions_with_attributes(attribute);

            for (tx_idx, expected_tx) in expected.into_iter().enumerate() {
                let tx = best.next().expect("Transaction should be returned");
                assert_eq!(
                    tx.transaction,
                    expected_tx,
                    "Failed tx {} in case {}",
                    tx_idx + 1,
                    idx + 1
                );
            }

            // No more transactions should be returned
            assert!(best.next().is_none());
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pending_ordering() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let tx_0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().with_nonce(1).set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        let tx_1 = tx_0.next();

        let v0 = f.validated(tx_0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx_1);

        // nonce gap, tx should be queued
        pool.add_transaction(v0.clone(), U256::MAX, 0, None).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(1, pool.queued_transactions().len());

        // nonce gap is closed on-chain, both transactions should be moved to pending
        pool.add_transaction(v1, U256::MAX, 1, None).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(2, pool.pending_transactions().len());
        assert_eq!(0, pool.queued_transactions().len());

        assert_eq!(
            pool.pending_pool.independent().get(&v0.sender_id()).unwrap().transaction.nonce(),
            v0.nonce()
        );
    }

    // <https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/issues/12286>
    #[test]
    fn one_sender_one_independent_transaction() {
        let mut on_chain_balance = U256::from(4_999); // only enough for 4 txs
        let mut on_chain_nonce = 40;
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::mock();
        let mut submitted_txs = Vec::new();

        // We use a "template" because we want all txs to have the same sender.
        let template =
            MockTransaction::eip1559().inc_price().inc_limit().with_value(U256::from(1_001));

        // Add 8 txs. Because the balance is only sufficient for 4, so the last 4 will be
        // Queued.
        for tx_nonce in 40..48 {
            let tx = f.validated(template.clone().with_nonce(tx_nonce).rng_hash());
            submitted_txs.push(*tx.id());
            pool.add_transaction(tx, on_chain_balance, on_chain_nonce, None).unwrap();
        }

        // A block is mined with two txs (so nonce is changed from 40 to 42).
        // Now the balance gets so high that it's enough to execute alltxs.
        on_chain_balance = U256::from(999_999);
        on_chain_nonce = 42;
        pool.remove_transaction(&submitted_txs[0]);
        pool.remove_transaction(&submitted_txs[1]);

        // Add 4 txs.
        for tx_nonce in 48..52 {
            pool.add_transaction(
                f.validated(template.clone().with_nonce(tx_nonce).rng_hash()),
                on_chain_balance,
                on_chain_nonce,
                None,
            )
            .unwrap();
        }

        let best_txs: Vec<_> = pool.pending().best().map(|tx| *tx.id()).collect();
        assert_eq!(best_txs.len(), 10); // 8 - 2 + 4 = 10

        assert_eq!(pool.pending_pool.independent().len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insertion_disorder() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let sender = address!("0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890");
        let tx0 = f.validated_arc(
            MockTransaction::legacy().with_sender(sender).with_nonce(0).with_gas_price(10),
        );
        let tx1 = f.validated_arc(
            MockTransaction::eip1559()
                .with_sender(sender)
                .with_nonce(1)
                .with_gas_limit(1000)
                .with_gas_price(10),
        );
        let tx2 = f.validated_arc(
            MockTransaction::legacy().with_sender(sender).with_nonce(2).with_gas_price(10),
        );
        let tx3 = f.validated_arc(
            MockTransaction::legacy().with_sender(sender).with_nonce(3).with_gas_price(10),
        );

        // tx0 should be put in the pending subpool
        pool.add_transaction((*tx0).clone(), U256::from(1000), 0, None).unwrap();
        let mut best = pool.best_transactions();
        let t0 = best.next().expect("tx0 should be put in the pending subpool");
        assert_eq!(t0.id(), tx0.id());
        // tx1 should be put in the queued subpool due to insufficient sender balance
        pool.add_transaction((*tx1).clone(), U256::from(1000), 0, None).unwrap();
        let mut best = pool.best_transactions();
        let t0 = best.next().expect("tx0 should be put in the pending subpool");
        assert_eq!(t0.id(), tx0.id());
        assert!(best.next().is_none());

        // tx2 should be put in the pending subpool, and tx1 should be promoted to pending
        pool.add_transaction((*tx2).clone(), U256::MAX, 0, None).unwrap();

        let mut best = pool.best_transactions();

        let t0 = best.next().expect("tx0 should be put in the pending subpool");
        let t1 = best.next().expect("tx1 should be put in the pending subpool");
        let t2 = best.next().expect("tx2 should be put in the pending subpool");
        assert_eq!(t0.id(), tx0.id());
        assert_eq!(t1.id(), tx1.id());
        assert_eq!(t2.id(), tx2.id());

        // tx3 should be put in the pending subpool,
        pool.add_transaction((*tx3).clone(), U256::MAX, 0, None).unwrap();
        let mut best = pool.best_transactions();
        let t0 = best.next().expect("tx0 should be put in the pending subpool");
        let t1 = best.next().expect("tx1 should be put in the pending subpool");
        let t2 = best.next().expect("tx2 should be put in the pending subpool");
        let t3 = best.next().expect("tx3 should be put in the pending subpool");
        assert_eq!(t0.id(), tx0.id());
        assert_eq!(t1.id(), tx1.id());
        assert_eq!(t2.id(), tx2.id());
        assert_eq!(t3.id(), tx3.id());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_non_4844_blob_fee_bit_invariant() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let non_4844_tx = MockTransaction::eip1559().set_max_fee(200).inc_limit();
        let validated = f.validated(non_4844_tx.clone());

        assert!(!non_4844_tx.is_eip4844());
        pool.add_transaction(validated.clone(), U256::from(10_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        // Core invariant: Non-4844 transactions must ALWAYS have ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK bit
        let tx_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(validated.id()).unwrap();
        assert!(tx_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert_eq!(tx_meta.subpool, SubPool::Pending);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_blob_fee_enforcement_only_applies_to_eip4844() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        // Set blob fee higher than EIP-4844 tx can afford
        let mut block_info = pool.block_info();
        block_info.pending_blob_fee = Some(160);
        block_info.pending_basefee = 100;
        pool.set_block_info(block_info);

        let eip4844_tx = MockTransaction::eip4844()
            .with_sender(address!("0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a"))
            .with_max_fee(200)
            .with_blob_fee(150) // Less than block blob fee (160)
            .inc_limit();

        let non_4844_tx = MockTransaction::eip1559()
            .with_sender(address!("0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000b"))
            .set_max_fee(200)
            .inc_limit();

        let validated_4844 = f.validated(eip4844_tx);
        let validated_non_4844 = f.validated(non_4844_tx);

        pool.add_transaction(validated_4844.clone(), U256::from(10_000), 0, None).unwrap();
        pool.add_transaction(validated_non_4844.clone(), U256::from(10_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        let tx_4844_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(validated_4844.id()).unwrap();
        let tx_non_4844_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(validated_non_4844.id()).unwrap();

        // EIP-4844: blob fee enforcement applies - insufficient blob fee removes bit
        assert!(!tx_4844_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert_eq!(tx_4844_meta.subpool, SubPool::Blob);

        // Non-4844: blob fee enforcement does NOT apply - bit always remains true
        assert!(tx_non_4844_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK));
        assert_eq!(tx_non_4844_meta.subpool, SubPool::Pending);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_basefee_decrease_preserves_non_4844_blob_fee_bit() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        // Create non-4844 transaction with fee that initially can't afford high basefee
        let non_4844_tx = MockTransaction::eip1559()
            .with_sender(address!("0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a"))
            .set_max_fee(500) // Can't afford basefee of 600
            .inc_limit();

        // Set high basefee so transaction goes to BaseFee pool initially
        pool.update_basefee(600, |_| {});

        let validated = f.validated(non_4844_tx);
        let tx_id = *validated.id();
        pool.add_transaction(validated, U256::from(10_000), 0, None).unwrap();

        // Initially should be in BaseFee pool but STILL have blob fee bit (critical invariant)
        let tx_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&tx_id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(tx_meta.subpool, SubPool::BaseFee);
        assert!(
            tx_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK),
            "Non-4844 tx in BaseFee pool must retain ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK bit"
        );

        // Decrease basefee - transaction should be promoted to Pending
        // This is where PR #18215 bug would manifest: blob fee bit incorrectly removed
        pool.update_basefee(400, |_| {});

        // After basefee decrease: should be promoted to Pending with blob fee bit preserved
        let tx_meta = pool.all_transactions.txs.get(&tx_id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            tx_meta.subpool,
            SubPool::Pending,
            "Non-4844 tx should be promoted from BaseFee to Pending after basefee decrease"
        );
        assert!(
            tx_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK),
            "Non-4844 tx must NEVER lose ENOUGH_BLOB_FEE_CAP_BLOCK bit during basefee promotion"
        );
        assert!(
            tx_meta.state.contains(TxState::ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK),
            "Non-4844 tx should gain ENOUGH_FEE_CAP_BLOCK bit after basefee decrease"
        );
    }

    /// Test for <https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/issues/17701>
    ///
    /// When a new transaction is added and its `updates` contain a same-sender transaction with
    /// a lower nonce, the lower-nonce tx must be added to the pending subpool *before* the
    /// higher-nonce tx. Otherwise, live `BestTransactions` iterators receive them out of order.
    #[test]
    fn best_transactions_nonce_order_on_balance_unlock() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let sender = Address::random();
        let on_chain_balance = U256::from(10_000);

        // tx0: nonce 0, cheap — will go straight to pending
        let tx0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().with_sender(sender).set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        // tx1: nonce 1, very expensive — cumulative cost (tx0 + tx1) will exceed balance
        let tx1 = tx0.next().inc_limit().with_value(U256::from(on_chain_balance));
        // tx2: nonce 2
        let tx2 = tx1.next().inc_limit().with_value(U256::ZERO);

        let v0 = f.validated(tx0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx1);
        let v2 = f.validated(tx2);

        // Add tx0 with limited balance — goes to pending (tx0 cost is small: 1 * 100 = 100)
        pool.add_transaction(v0, on_chain_balance, 0, None).unwrap();

        // Create a live BestTransactions iterator that will receive new pending txs
        let mut best = pool.best_transactions();

        // Drain tx0 from the iterator
        let first = best.next().expect("should yield tx0");
        assert_eq!(first.id().nonce, 0);

        // Add tx1 with the same limited balance — cumulative cost exceeds balance, goes to
        // queued
        pool.add_transaction(v1, on_chain_balance, 0, None).unwrap();

        // tx1 should be queued, nothing new in best
        assert!(best.next().is_none(), "tx1 should be queued, not pending");

        // Now add tx2 with U256::MAX balance — tx2 goes to pending AND tx1 gets promoted.
        // The bug: tx2 was added to pending *before* tx1, so BestTransactions yielded tx2
        // first, violating nonce ordering.
        pool.add_transaction(v2, U256::MAX, 0, None).unwrap();

        let t1 = best.next().expect("should yield a transaction");
        let t2 = best.next().expect("should yield a transaction");

        // Correct order: tx1 (nonce 1) before tx2 (nonce 2)
        assert_eq!(
            t1.id().nonce,
            1,
            "first yielded tx should be nonce 1, got nonce {}",
            t1.id().nonce
        );
        assert_eq!(
            t2.id().nonce,
            2,
            "second yielded tx should be nonce 2, got nonce {}",
            t2.id().nonce
        );
    }

    /// Gap-fill scenario: inserting a low-nonce transaction promotes a queued higher-nonce
    /// transaction. The new (lower-nonce) tx must appear before the promoted (higher-nonce)
    /// tx in the `BestTransactions` iterator.
    #[test]
    fn best_transactions_nonce_order_on_gap_fill() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let sender = Address::random();
        let balance = U256::MAX;

        // tx0: nonce 0
        let tx0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().with_sender(sender).set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        // tx1: nonce 1
        let tx1 = tx0.next().inc_limit();

        let v0 = f.validated(tx0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx1);

        // Add tx1 first — goes to queued because nonce 0 is missing (nonce gap)
        pool.add_transaction(v1, balance, 0, None).unwrap();

        // Create a live BestTransactions iterator (currently empty — nothing pending)
        let mut best = pool.best_transactions();
        assert!(best.next().is_none(), "pool should have no pending txs yet");

        // Add tx0 — fills the gap, tx1 gets promoted
        pool.add_transaction(v0, balance, 0, None).unwrap();

        let t0 = best.next().expect("should yield a transaction");
        let t1 = best.next().expect("should yield a transaction");

        assert_eq!(t0.id().nonce, 0, "first yielded tx should be nonce 0, got {}", t0.id().nonce);
        assert_eq!(t1.id().nonce, 1, "second yielded tx should be nonce 1, got {}", t1.id().nonce);
    }

    /// Mixed scenario: inserting a mid-nonce transaction promotes both a lower-nonce tx
    /// (via balance update) and a higher-nonce tx (via gap fill). All three must appear
    /// in nonce order in `BestTransactions`.
    #[test]
    fn best_transactions_nonce_order_mixed_promotions() {
        let mut f = MockTransactionFactory::default();
        let mut pool = TxPool::new(MockOrdering::default(), Default::default());

        let sender = Address::random();
        let low_balance = U256::from(10_000);

        // tx0: nonce 0, cheap
        let tx0 = MockTransaction::eip1559().with_sender(sender).set_gas_price(100).inc_limit();
        // tx1: nonce 1, very expensive — will exceed balance
        let tx1 = tx0.next().inc_limit().with_value(U256::from(low_balance));
        // tx2: nonce 2
        let tx2 = tx1.next().inc_limit().with_value(U256::ZERO);
        // tx3: nonce 3
        let tx3 = tx2.next().inc_limit().with_value(U256::ZERO);

        let v0 = f.validated(tx0);
        let v1 = f.validated(tx1);
        let v2 = f.validated(tx2);
        let v3 = f.validated(tx3);

        // Add tx0 — goes to pending
        pool.add_transaction(v0, low_balance, 0, None).unwrap();

        // Add tx1 — queued (cumulative cost exceeds balance)
        pool.add_transaction(v1, low_balance, 0, None).unwrap();

        // Add tx3 — queued (nonce gap: tx2 is missing)
        pool.add_transaction(v3, low_balance, 0, None).unwrap();

        let mut best = pool.best_transactions();

        // Drain tx0
        let first = best.next().expect("should yield tx0");
        assert_eq!(first.id().nonce, 0);
        assert!(best.next().is_none(), "only tx0 should be pending");

        // Add tx2 with U256::MAX balance — this should:
        //  - promote tx1 (lower-nonce, was queued due to balance)
        //  - add tx2 itself to pending
        //  - promote tx3 (higher-nonce, was queued due to nonce gap)
        pool.add_transaction(v2, U256::MAX, 0, None).unwrap();

        let t1 = best.next().expect("should yield nonce 1");
        let t2 = best.next().expect("should yield nonce 2");
        let t3 = best.next().expect("should yield nonce 3");

        assert_eq!(t1.id().nonce, 1, "expected nonce 1, got {}", t1.id().nonce);
        assert_eq!(t2.id().nonce, 2, "expected nonce 2, got {}", t2.id().nonce);
        assert_eq!(t3.id().nonce, 3, "expected nonce 3, got {}", t3.id().nonce);
    }
}