reth_eth_wire_types/

snap.rs

//! Implements Ethereum SNAP message types.
//! Snap protocol runs on top of `RLPx`
//! facilitating the exchange of Ethereum state snapshots between peers
//! Reference: [Ethereum Snapshot Protocol](https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md#protocol-messages)
//!
//! This module implements the snap/2 (EIP-8189) message definitions.

use crate::BlockAccessLists;
use alloc::vec::Vec;
use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, B256, KECCAK256_EMPTY, U256};
use alloy_rlp::{BufMut, Decodable, Encodable, Header, RlpDecodable, RlpEncodable};
use alloy_trie::{TrieAccount, EMPTY_ROOT_HASH};
use reth_codecs_derive::add_arbitrary_tests;

/// Supported SNAP protocol versions.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum SnapVersion {
    /// BAL-based healing as proposed by EIP-8189.
    #[default]
    V2 = 2,
}

impl SnapVersion {
    /// Returns the protocol message slot length for this version (not the count of valid ids; use
    /// [`Self::supports_message_id`] to check validity).
    pub const fn message_count(self) -> u8 {
        match self {
            Self::V2 => 10,
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if `id` is a valid `snap/2` message id.
    ///
    /// snap/2 (EIP-8189) drops trie nodes (`0x06`/`0x07`) and adds BAL (`0x08`/`0x09`),
    /// so validity is not a contiguous range.
    pub const fn supports_message_id(self, id: u8) -> bool {
        match self {
            // snap/2: 0x00..=0x05 plus BAL (0x08/0x09). TrieNodes (0x06/0x07) removed.
            Self::V2 => {
                id <= SnapMessageId::ByteCodes as u8 ||
                    id == SnapMessageId::GetBlockAccessLists as u8 ||
                    id == SnapMessageId::BlockAccessLists as u8
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Message IDs for the snap sync protocol
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum SnapMessageId {
    /// Requests of an unknown number of accounts from a given account trie.
    GetAccountRange = 0x00,
    /// Response with the number of consecutive accounts and the Merkle proofs for the entire
    /// range.
    AccountRange = 0x01,
    /// Requests for the storage slots of multiple accounts' storage tries.
    GetStorageRanges = 0x02,
    /// Response for the number of consecutive storage slots for the requested account.
    StorageRanges = 0x03,
    /// Request of the number of contract byte-codes by hash.
    GetByteCodes = 0x04,
    /// Response for the number of requested contract codes.
    ByteCodes = 0x05,
    /// Request BALs for a list of block hashes.
    GetBlockAccessLists = 0x08,
    /// Response containing BALs for the requested block hashes.
    BlockAccessLists = 0x09,
}

impl SnapMessageId {
    /// Returns the message id of the response paired with this request, or `None` if this id is
    /// itself a response.
    pub const fn response(self) -> Option<Self> {
        match self {
            Self::GetAccountRange => Some(Self::AccountRange),
            Self::GetStorageRanges => Some(Self::StorageRanges),
            Self::GetByteCodes => Some(Self::ByteCodes),
            Self::GetBlockAccessLists => Some(Self::BlockAccessLists),
            Self::AccountRange | Self::StorageRanges | Self::ByteCodes | Self::BlockAccessLists => {
                None
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Request for a range of accounts from the state trie.
// https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md#getaccountrange-0x00
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
pub struct GetAccountRangeMessage {
    /// Request ID to match up responses with
    pub request_id: u64,
    /// Root hash of the account trie to serve
    pub root_hash: B256,
    /// Account hash of the first to retrieve
    pub starting_hash: B256,
    /// Account hash after which to stop serving data
    pub limit_hash: B256,
    /// Soft limit at which to stop returning data
    pub response_bytes: u64,
}

/// Account data in the response.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
pub struct AccountData {
    /// Hash of the account address (trie path)
    pub hash: B256,
    /// Account fields encoded as a nested RLP list with default hashes elided.
    pub body: SlimAccountBody,
}

impl AccountData {
    /// Converts `account` to snap/2's slim representation.
    pub fn from_trie_account(hash: B256, account: &TrieAccount) -> Self {
        Self { hash, body: account.into() }
    }

    /// Returns the account the trie leaf commits to.
    ///
    /// Default storage roots and code hashes are restored when decoding the slim body.
    #[allow(clippy::clone_on_copy)]
    pub fn trie_account(&self) -> TrieAccount {
        self.body.0.clone()
    }

    /// Consumes the wire value and returns its hashed key with the decoded trie account.
    #[allow(clippy::missing_const_for_fn)]
    pub fn into_trie_entry(self) -> (B256, TrieAccount) {
        (self.hash, self.body.0)
    }
}

/// Response containing a number of consecutive accounts and the Merkle proofs for the entire range.
// http://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md#accountrange-0x01
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
pub struct AccountRangeMessage {
    /// ID of the request this is a response for
    pub request_id: u64,
    /// List of consecutive accounts from the trie
    pub accounts: Vec<AccountData>,
    /// List of trie nodes proving the account range
    pub proof: Vec<Bytes>,
}

/// Request for the storage slots of multiple accounts' storage tries.
// https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md#getstorageranges-0x02
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
pub struct GetStorageRangesMessage {
    /// Request ID to match up responses with
    pub request_id: u64,
    /// Root hash of the account trie to serve
    pub root_hash: B256,
    /// Account hashes of the storage tries to serve
    pub account_hashes: Vec<B256>,
    /// Storage slot hash of the first to retrieve; unbounded (served as `B256::ZERO`) when the
    /// wire encoding is an empty byte string.
    pub starting_hash: RangeBound,
    /// Storage slot hash after which to stop serving; unbounded (served as
    /// `B256::repeat_byte(0xff)`) when the wire encoding is an empty byte string.
    pub limit_hash: RangeBound,
    /// Soft limit at which to stop returning data
    pub response_bytes: u64,
}

/// A `snap/2` storage-range bound (`origin`/`limit` on [`GetStorageRangesMessage`]).
///
/// Encoded as either an empty byte string (unbounded) or a 32-byte hash.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
pub struct RangeBound(Option<B256>);

impl RangeBound {
    /// Returns the bound's hash, or `default` if it was encoded as an empty byte string.
    pub const fn unwrap_or(self, default: B256) -> B256 {
        match self.0 {
            Some(hash) => hash,
            None => default,
        }
    }
}

impl From<B256> for RangeBound {
    fn from(hash: B256) -> Self {
        Self(Some(hash))
    }
}

impl Encodable for RangeBound {
    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn BufMut) {
        match self.0 {
            Some(hash) => hash.encode(out),
            None => Bytes::new().encode(out),
        }
    }

    fn length(&self) -> usize {
        match self.0 {
            Some(hash) => hash.length(),
            None => Bytes::new().length(),
        }
    }
}

impl Decodable for RangeBound {
    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8]) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self> {
        let bytes = Bytes::decode(buf)?;
        match bytes.len() {
            0 => Ok(Self(None)),
            32 => Ok(Self(Some(B256::from_slice(&bytes)))),
            _ => Err(alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedLength),
        }
    }
}

/// Storage slot data in the response.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
pub struct StorageData {
    /// Hash of the storage slot key (trie path)
    pub hash: B256,
    /// Data content of the slot
    pub data: Bytes,
}

impl StorageData {
    /// Encodes a slot value as the storage trie leaf commits to it.
    pub fn from_value(hash: B256, value: U256) -> Self {
        Self { hash, data: alloy_rlp::encode(value).into() }
    }

    /// Decodes the slot value.
    pub fn value(&self) -> alloy_rlp::Result<U256> {
        alloy_rlp::decode_exact(&self.data)
    }
}

/// Response containing a number of consecutive storage slots for the requested account
/// and optionally the merkle proofs for the last range (boundary proofs) if it only partially
/// covers the storage trie.
// https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md#storageranges-0x03
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
pub struct StorageRangesMessage {
    /// ID of the request this is a response for
    pub request_id: u64,
    /// List of list of consecutive slots from the trie (one list per account)
    pub slots: Vec<Vec<StorageData>>,
    /// List of trie nodes proving the slot range (if partial)
    pub proof: Vec<Bytes>,
}

/// Request to get a number of requested contract codes.
// https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md#getbytecodes-0x04
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
pub struct GetByteCodesMessage {
    /// Request ID to match up responses with
    pub request_id: u64,
    /// Code hashes to retrieve the code for
    pub hashes: Vec<B256>,
    /// Soft limit at which to stop returning data (in bytes)
    pub response_bytes: u64,
}

/// Response containing a number of requested contract codes.
// https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md#bytecodes-0x05
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
pub struct ByteCodesMessage {
    /// ID of the request this is a response for
    pub request_id: u64,
    /// The requested bytecodes in order
    pub codes: Vec<Bytes>,
}

/// Request BALs for the given block hashes.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
pub struct GetBlockAccessListsMessage {
    /// Request ID to match up responses with.
    pub request_id: u64,
    /// Block hashes to retrieve BALs for.
    pub block_hashes: Vec<B256>,
    /// Soft limit at which to stop returning data (in bytes).
    pub response_bytes: u64,
}

/// Response containing one BAL per requested block hash.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
pub struct BlockAccessListsMessage {
    /// ID of the request this is a response for.
    pub request_id: u64,
    /// Raw BAL payloads in request order.
    pub block_access_lists: BlockAccessLists,
}

/// Represents all types of messages in the snap sync protocol.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum SnapProtocolMessage {
    /// Request for an account range - see [`GetAccountRangeMessage`]
    GetAccountRange(GetAccountRangeMessage),
    /// Response with accounts and proofs - see [`AccountRangeMessage`]
    AccountRange(AccountRangeMessage),
    /// Request for storage slots - see [`GetStorageRangesMessage`]
    GetStorageRanges(GetStorageRangesMessage),
    /// Response with storage slots - see [`StorageRangesMessage`]
    StorageRanges(StorageRangesMessage),
    /// Request for contract bytecodes - see [`GetByteCodesMessage`]
    GetByteCodes(GetByteCodesMessage),
    /// Response with contract codes - see [`ByteCodesMessage`]
    ByteCodes(ByteCodesMessage),
    /// Request for block access lists - see [`GetBlockAccessListsMessage`]
    GetBlockAccessLists(GetBlockAccessListsMessage),
    /// Response with block access lists - see [`BlockAccessListsMessage`]
    BlockAccessLists(BlockAccessListsMessage),
}

/// Error decoding an inbound `snap` protocol message from its framed bytes, or matching a response
/// to its request.
#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
pub enum SnapProtocolError {
    /// The payload was empty and carried no message id.
    #[error("empty snap message")]
    Empty,
    /// The message id is not valid for the negotiated snap version (e.g. the removed trie-node
    /// messages `0x06`/`0x07` under snap/2).
    #[error("message id {0:#x} is invalid for snap/{1:?}")]
    UnsupportedMessageId(u8, SnapVersion),
    /// Decoding the RLP message body failed.
    #[error("RLP error: {0}")]
    Rlp(#[from] alloy_rlp::Error),
    /// The response answers no request sent on this connection.
    ///
    /// The response is rejected before its body is decoded.
    #[error("received unsolicited {message_id:?} response with request id {request_id}")]
    UnsolicitedResponse {
        /// The message id of the response.
        message_id: SnapMessageId,
        /// The request id the response carried.
        request_id: u64,
    },
    /// A list in the response is longer than its request allows: more entries than requested, or
    /// more range proof nodes than two boundary paths can hold.
    ///
    /// The response is rejected before its body is decoded.
    #[error(
        "{message_id:?} response with request id {request_id} holds a list longer than the {max_items} items its request allows"
    )]
    ResponseExceedsRequest {
        /// The message id of the response.
        message_id: SnapMessageId,
        /// The request id the response carried.
        request_id: u64,
        /// The longest the list may be.
        max_items: usize,
    },
}

impl SnapProtocolMessage {
    /// Returns the protocol message ID for this message type.
    ///
    /// The message ID is used in the `RLPx` protocol to identify different types of messages.
    pub const fn message_id(&self) -> SnapMessageId {
        match self {
            Self::GetAccountRange(_) => SnapMessageId::GetAccountRange,
            Self::AccountRange(_) => SnapMessageId::AccountRange,
            Self::GetStorageRanges(_) => SnapMessageId::GetStorageRanges,
            Self::StorageRanges(_) => SnapMessageId::StorageRanges,
            Self::GetByteCodes(_) => SnapMessageId::GetByteCodes,
            Self::ByteCodes(_) => SnapMessageId::ByteCodes,
            Self::GetBlockAccessLists(_) => SnapMessageId::GetBlockAccessLists,
            Self::BlockAccessLists(_) => SnapMessageId::BlockAccessLists,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the `request_id` used to correlate this message with its request/response pair.
    pub const fn request_id(&self) -> u64 {
        match self {
            Self::GetAccountRange(m) => m.request_id,
            Self::AccountRange(m) => m.request_id,
            Self::GetStorageRanges(m) => m.request_id,
            Self::StorageRanges(m) => m.request_id,
            Self::GetByteCodes(m) => m.request_id,
            Self::ByteCodes(m) => m.request_id,
            Self::GetBlockAccessLists(m) => m.request_id,
            Self::BlockAccessLists(m) => m.request_id,
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this is a response message (as opposed to a request).
    pub const fn is_response(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self,
            Self::AccountRange(_) |
                Self::StorageRanges(_) |
                Self::ByteCodes(_) |
                Self::BlockAccessLists(_)
        )
    }

    /// Overwrites the `request_id`, e.g. so a session can assign a connection-unique id before
    /// sending a request.
    pub const fn set_request_id(&mut self, request_id: u64) {
        match self {
            Self::GetAccountRange(m) => m.request_id = request_id,
            Self::AccountRange(m) => m.request_id = request_id,
            Self::GetStorageRanges(m) => m.request_id = request_id,
            Self::StorageRanges(m) => m.request_id = request_id,
            Self::GetByteCodes(m) => m.request_id = request_id,
            Self::ByteCodes(m) => m.request_id = request_id,
            Self::GetBlockAccessLists(m) => m.request_id = request_id,
            Self::BlockAccessLists(m) => m.request_id = request_id,
        }
    }

    /// Encode the message to bytes
    pub fn encode(&self) -> Bytes {
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        // Add message ID as first byte
        buf.push(self.message_id() as u8);

        // Encode the message body based on its type
        match self {
            Self::GetAccountRange(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
            Self::AccountRange(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
            Self::GetStorageRanges(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
            Self::StorageRanges(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
            Self::GetByteCodes(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
            Self::ByteCodes(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
            Self::GetBlockAccessLists(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
            Self::BlockAccessLists(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
        }

        Bytes::from(buf)
    }

    /// Decodes a SNAP protocol message from its message ID and RLP-encoded body.
    pub fn decode(message_id: u8, buf: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<Self, alloy_rlp::Error> {
        // Decoding protocol message variants based on message ID
        macro_rules! decode_snap_message_variant {
            ($message_id:expr, $buf:expr, $id:expr, $variant:ident, $msg_type:ty) => {
                if $message_id == $id as u8 {
                    return Ok(Self::$variant(<$msg_type>::decode($buf)?));
                }
            };
        }

        // Try to decode each message type based on the message ID
        decode_snap_message_variant!(
            message_id,
            buf,
            SnapMessageId::GetAccountRange,
            GetAccountRange,
            GetAccountRangeMessage
        );
        decode_snap_message_variant!(
            message_id,
            buf,
            SnapMessageId::AccountRange,
            AccountRange,
            AccountRangeMessage
        );
        decode_snap_message_variant!(
            message_id,
            buf,
            SnapMessageId::GetStorageRanges,
            GetStorageRanges,
            GetStorageRangesMessage
        );
        decode_snap_message_variant!(
            message_id,
            buf,
            SnapMessageId::StorageRanges,
            StorageRanges,
            StorageRangesMessage
        );
        decode_snap_message_variant!(
            message_id,
            buf,
            SnapMessageId::GetByteCodes,
            GetByteCodes,
            GetByteCodesMessage
        );
        decode_snap_message_variant!(
            message_id,
            buf,
            SnapMessageId::ByteCodes,
            ByteCodes,
            ByteCodesMessage
        );
        decode_snap_message_variant!(
            message_id,
            buf,
            SnapMessageId::GetBlockAccessLists,
            GetBlockAccessLists,
            GetBlockAccessListsMessage
        );
        decode_snap_message_variant!(
            message_id,
            buf,
            SnapMessageId::BlockAccessLists,
            BlockAccessLists,
            BlockAccessListsMessage
        );

        Err(alloy_rlp::Error::Custom("Unknown message ID"))
    }

    /// Decodes a framed snap message (`[id, body..]`), validating the id against `version`.
    ///
    /// Empty payload, invalid id, and malformed body are reported as distinct
    /// [`SnapProtocolError`] variants.
    pub fn decode_versioned(version: SnapVersion, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, SnapProtocolError> {
        let (&id, mut body) = bytes.split_first().ok_or(SnapProtocolError::Empty)?;
        if !version.supports_message_id(id) {
            return Err(SnapProtocolError::UnsupportedMessageId(id, version));
        }
        let msg = Self::decode(id, &mut body)?;
        if !body.is_empty() {
            return Err(SnapProtocolError::Rlp(alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedLength));
        }
        Ok(msg)
    }
}

/// A trie account encoded with default storage and code hashes replaced by empty byte strings.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct SlimAccountBody(TrieAccount);

impl SlimAccountBody {
    fn as_rlp(&self) -> SlimAccountBodyRef<'_> {
        SlimAccountBodyRef {
            nonce: self.0.nonce,
            balance: self.0.balance,
            storage_root: SlimAccountBodyRef::shorten(&self.0.storage_root, EMPTY_ROOT_HASH),
            code_hash: SlimAccountBodyRef::shorten(&self.0.code_hash, KECCAK256_EMPTY),
        }
    }

    /// Restores a dropped field to `empty`, rejecting any length the encoding never produces.
    fn restore(value: &[u8], empty: B256) -> alloy_rlp::Result<B256> {
        match value {
            [] => Ok(empty),
            _ => B256::try_from(value).map_err(|_| alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedLength),
        }
    }
}

impl From<&TrieAccount> for SlimAccountBody {
    #[allow(clippy::clone_on_copy)]
    fn from(account: &TrieAccount) -> Self {
        Self(account.clone())
    }
}

impl Encodable for SlimAccountBody {
    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn BufMut) {
        self.as_rlp().encode(out);
    }

    fn length(&self) -> usize {
        self.as_rlp().length()
    }
}

impl Decodable for SlimAccountBody {
    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8]) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self> {
        let mut payload = Header::decode_bytes(buf, true)?;
        let nonce = u64::decode(&mut payload)?;
        let balance = U256::decode(&mut payload)?;
        let storage_root =
            Self::restore(Header::decode_bytes(&mut payload, false)?, EMPTY_ROOT_HASH)?;
        let code_hash = Self::restore(Header::decode_bytes(&mut payload, false)?, KECCAK256_EMPTY)?;
        if !payload.is_empty() {
            return Err(alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedLength)
        }
        Ok(Self(TrieAccount::new(nonce, balance, storage_root, code_hash)))
    }
}

#[cfg(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"))]
impl<'a> arbitrary::Arbitrary<'a> for SlimAccountBody {
    fn arbitrary(u: &mut arbitrary::Unstructured<'a>) -> arbitrary::Result<Self> {
        let storage_root = if u.arbitrary()? { u.arbitrary()? } else { EMPTY_ROOT_HASH };
        let code_hash = if u.arbitrary()? { u.arbitrary()? } else { KECCAK256_EMPTY };
        Ok(Self(TrieAccount::new(u.arbitrary()?, u.arbitrary()?, storage_root, code_hash)))
    }
}

/// Borrowed encode twin of [`SlimAccountBody`].
#[derive(RlpEncodable)]
struct SlimAccountBodyRef<'a> {
    /// The account's nonce.
    nonce: u64,
    /// The account's balance.
    balance: U256,
    /// Empty when the account has no storage.
    storage_root: &'a [u8],
    /// Empty when the account has no code.
    code_hash: &'a [u8],
}

impl<'a> SlimAccountBodyRef<'a> {
    /// Drops a field that holds its empty default, which is what makes the encoding slim.
    fn shorten(value: &'a B256, empty: B256) -> &'a [u8] {
        if *value == empty {
            &[]
        } else {
            value.as_slice()
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use test_case::test_case;

    // Helper function to create a B256 from a u64 for testing
    fn b256_from_u64(value: u64) -> B256 {
        B256::left_padding_from(&value.to_be_bytes())
    }

    // Helper function to test roundtrip encoding/decoding
    fn test_roundtrip(original: SnapProtocolMessage) {
        let encoded = original.encode();

        // Verify the first byte matches the expected message ID
        assert_eq!(encoded[0], original.message_id() as u8);

        let mut buf = &encoded[1..];
        let decoded = SnapProtocolMessage::decode(encoded[0], &mut buf).unwrap();

        // Verify the match
        assert_eq!(decoded, original);
    }

    // geth's GetStorageRangesPacket types Origin/Limit as raw byte strings and sends them
    // empty for the common unbounded multi-account request, rather than as 32-byte
    // zero/max-value hashes. A conforming decoder must accept this raw packet shape.
    #[derive(alloy_rlp::RlpEncodable)]
    struct GethStorageRequest {
        request_id: u64,
        root_hash: B256,
        account_hashes: Vec<B256>,
        origin: Bytes,
        limit: Bytes,
        response_bytes: u64,
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_all_message_roundtrips() {
        assert_eq!(SnapVersion::V2.message_count(), 10);

        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::GetAccountRange(GetAccountRangeMessage {
            request_id: 42,
            root_hash: b256_from_u64(123),
            starting_hash: b256_from_u64(456),
            limit_hash: b256_from_u64(789),
            response_bytes: 1024,
        }));

        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::AccountRange(AccountRangeMessage {
            request_id: 42,
            accounts: vec![AccountData::from_trie_account(
                b256_from_u64(123),
                &trie_account(EMPTY_ROOT_HASH, KECCAK256_EMPTY),
            )],
            proof: vec![Bytes::from(vec![4, 5, 6])],
        }));

        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::GetStorageRanges(GetStorageRangesMessage {
            request_id: 42,
            root_hash: b256_from_u64(123),
            account_hashes: vec![b256_from_u64(456)],
            starting_hash: b256_from_u64(789).into(),
            limit_hash: b256_from_u64(101112).into(),
            response_bytes: 2048,
        }));

        // Geth's empty-byte-string encoding for an unbounded storage range.
        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::GetStorageRanges(GetStorageRangesMessage {
            request_id: 43,
            root_hash: b256_from_u64(123),
            account_hashes: vec![b256_from_u64(456), b256_from_u64(789)],
            starting_hash: RangeBound::default(),
            limit_hash: RangeBound::default(),
            response_bytes: 2048,
        }));

        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::StorageRanges(StorageRangesMessage {
            request_id: 42,
            slots: vec![vec![StorageData {
                hash: b256_from_u64(123),
                data: Bytes::from(vec![1, 2, 3]),
            }]],
            proof: vec![Bytes::from(vec![4, 5, 6])],
        }));

        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::GetByteCodes(GetByteCodesMessage {
            request_id: 42,
            hashes: vec![b256_from_u64(123)],
            response_bytes: 1024,
        }));

        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::ByteCodes(ByteCodesMessage {
            request_id: 42,
            codes: vec![Bytes::from(vec![1, 2, 3])],
        }));

        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::GetBlockAccessLists(GetBlockAccessListsMessage {
            request_id: 42,
            block_hashes: vec![b256_from_u64(123), b256_from_u64(456)],
            response_bytes: 4096,
        }));

        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::BlockAccessLists(BlockAccessListsMessage {
            request_id: 42,
            block_access_lists: BlockAccessLists(vec![
                Some(Bytes::from_static(&[alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE])),
                Some(Bytes::from_static(&[0xc1, alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE])),
            ]),
        }));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_unknown_message_id() {
        // Create some random data
        let data = Bytes::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
        let mut buf = data.as_ref();

        // Try to decode with an invalid message ID
        let result = SnapProtocolMessage::decode(255, &mut buf);

        assert!(result.is_err());
        if let Err(e) = result {
            assert_eq!(e.to_string(), "Unknown message ID");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_snap_v2_message_validity() {
        let v2 = SnapVersion::V2;
        // 0x00..=0x05 valid.
        for id in 0x00..=0x05 {
            assert!(v2.supports_message_id(id), "snap/2 should accept {id:#x}");
        }
        // Trie nodes (0x06/0x07) are removed in snap/2.
        assert!(!v2.supports_message_id(0x06));
        assert!(!v2.supports_message_id(0x07));
        // BAL added in snap/2.
        assert!(v2.supports_message_id(SnapMessageId::GetBlockAccessLists as u8));
        assert!(v2.supports_message_id(SnapMessageId::BlockAccessLists as u8));
        assert!(!v2.supports_message_id(0x0a));
        assert!(!v2.supports_message_id(0xff));
    }

    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::GetAccountRange(GetAccountRangeMessage {
            request_id: 1, root_hash: B256::ZERO, starting_hash: B256::ZERO,
            limit_hash: B256::ZERO, response_bytes: 0,
        }), 1, false ; "get_account_range is a request"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::AccountRange(AccountRangeMessage {
            request_id: 2, accounts: vec![], proof: vec![],
        }), 2, true ; "account_range is a response"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::GetStorageRanges(GetStorageRangesMessage {
            request_id: 3, root_hash: B256::ZERO, account_hashes: vec![],
            starting_hash: B256::ZERO.into(), limit_hash: B256::ZERO.into(), response_bytes: 0,
        }), 3, false ; "get_storage_ranges is a request"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::StorageRanges(StorageRangesMessage {
            request_id: 4, slots: vec![], proof: vec![],
        }), 4, true ; "storage_ranges is a response"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::GetByteCodes(GetByteCodesMessage {
            request_id: 5, hashes: vec![], response_bytes: 0,
        }), 5, false ; "get_byte_codes is a request"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::ByteCodes(ByteCodesMessage { request_id: 6, codes: vec![] }),
        6, true ; "byte_codes is a response"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::GetBlockAccessLists(GetBlockAccessListsMessage {
            request_id: 7, block_hashes: vec![], response_bytes: 0,
        }), 7, false ; "get_block_access_lists is a request"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::BlockAccessLists(BlockAccessListsMessage {
            request_id: 8, block_access_lists: BlockAccessLists(vec![]),
        }), 8, true ; "block_access_lists is a response"
    )]
    fn request_id_and_is_response(msg: SnapProtocolMessage, expected_id: u64, is_response: bool) {
        assert_eq!(msg.request_id(), expected_id);
        assert_eq!(msg.is_response(), is_response);
    }

    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::GetAccountRange(GetAccountRangeMessage {
            request_id: 1, root_hash: B256::ZERO, starting_hash: B256::ZERO,
            limit_hash: B256::ZERO, response_bytes: 0,
        }) ; "get_account_range"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::AccountRange(AccountRangeMessage {
            request_id: 1, accounts: vec![], proof: vec![],
        }) ; "account_range"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::GetStorageRanges(GetStorageRangesMessage {
            request_id: 1, root_hash: B256::ZERO, account_hashes: vec![],
            starting_hash: B256::ZERO.into(), limit_hash: B256::ZERO.into(), response_bytes: 0,
        }) ; "get_storage_ranges"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::StorageRanges(StorageRangesMessage {
            request_id: 1, slots: vec![], proof: vec![],
        }) ; "storage_ranges"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::GetByteCodes(GetByteCodesMessage {
            request_id: 1, hashes: vec![], response_bytes: 0,
        }) ; "get_byte_codes"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::ByteCodes(ByteCodesMessage { request_id: 1, codes: vec![] }) ;
        "byte_codes"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::GetBlockAccessLists(GetBlockAccessListsMessage {
            request_id: 1, block_hashes: vec![], response_bytes: 0,
        }) ; "get_block_access_lists"
    )]
    #[test_case(
        SnapProtocolMessage::BlockAccessLists(BlockAccessListsMessage {
            request_id: 1, block_access_lists: BlockAccessLists(vec![]),
        }) ; "block_access_lists"
    )]
    fn per_variant_request_id_and_round_trip(mut msg: SnapProtocolMessage) {
        // set_request_id overwrites the id for every variant.
        msg.set_request_id(42);
        assert_eq!(msg.request_id(), 42);

        // decode_versioned round-trips every valid snap/2 id.
        let decoded =
            SnapProtocolMessage::decode_versioned(SnapVersion::V2, &msg.encode()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded, msg);
    }

    #[test]
    fn decode_versioned_rejects_empty() {
        // An empty payload carries no message id and is distinct from an invalid id.
        assert!(matches!(
            SnapProtocolMessage::decode_versioned(SnapVersion::V2, &[]),
            Err(SnapProtocolError::Empty)
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn decode_versioned_rejects_trie_node_ids_in_v2() {
        // snap/2 (EIP-8189) removes trie nodes (`0x06`/`0x07`); decoding must reject them as an
        // unsupported id rather than a malformed body.
        for id in [0x06u8, 0x07] {
            assert!(matches!(
                SnapProtocolMessage::decode_versioned(SnapVersion::V2, &[id]),
                Err(SnapProtocolError::UnsupportedMessageId(got, SnapVersion::V2)) if got == id
            ));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn decode_versioned_reports_malformed_body() {
        // A valid id (GetBlockAccessLists, 0x08) with a non-decodable body is an RLP error, not an
        // unsupported id.
        assert!(matches!(
            SnapProtocolMessage::decode_versioned(SnapVersion::V2, &[0x08, 0xff]),
            Err(SnapProtocolError::Rlp(_))
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn decode_versioned_rejects_trailing_bytes() {
        // A valid framed message with junk appended after the RLP body must be rejected rather
        // than silently decoded.
        let original = SnapProtocolMessage::GetBlockAccessLists(GetBlockAccessListsMessage {
            request_id: 7,
            block_hashes: vec![b256_from_u64(1)],
            response_bytes: 1024,
        });
        let mut framed = original.encode().to_vec();
        framed.push(0xff);
        assert!(matches!(
            SnapProtocolMessage::decode_versioned(SnapVersion::V2, &framed),
            Err(SnapProtocolError::Rlp(alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedLength))
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn get_storage_ranges_decodes_geths_empty_origin_and_limit() {
        let body = alloy_rlp::encode(GethStorageRequest {
            request_id: 21,
            root_hash: B256::ZERO,
            account_hashes: vec![B256::repeat_byte(1), B256::repeat_byte(2)],
            origin: Bytes::new(),
            limit: Bytes::new(),
            response_bytes: 1024,
        });
        let mut framed = vec![SnapMessageId::GetStorageRanges as u8];
        framed.extend_from_slice(&body);

        let decoded = SnapProtocolMessage::decode_versioned(SnapVersion::V2, &framed).unwrap();
        let SnapProtocolMessage::GetStorageRanges(msg) = decoded else {
            panic!("expected a GetStorageRanges message");
        };
        assert_eq!(msg.starting_hash.unwrap_or(B256::ZERO), B256::ZERO);
        assert_eq!(msg.limit_hash.unwrap_or(B256::repeat_byte(0xff)), B256::repeat_byte(0xff));
    }

    fn trie_account(storage_root: B256, code_hash: B256) -> TrieAccount {
        TrieAccount::new(7, U256::from(42), storage_root, code_hash)
    }

    #[test]
    fn account_range_matches_nested_account_wire_encoding() {
        // [request_id, [[hash, [nonce, balance, storage_root, code_hash]]], proof]
        let wire = alloy_primitives::hex!(
            "ea01e7e6a00101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101c4072a8080c0"
        );
        let message = AccountRangeMessage {
            request_id: 1,
            accounts: vec![AccountData::from_trie_account(
                B256::repeat_byte(1),
                &trie_account(EMPTY_ROOT_HASH, KECCAK256_EMPTY),
            )],
            proof: vec![],
        };

        assert_eq!(alloy_rlp::encode(&message), wire);
        assert_eq!(alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<AccountRangeMessage>(&wire).unwrap(), message);
    }

    #[test]
    fn account_data_rejects_byte_string_wrapped_body() {
        let wire = alloy_primitives::hex!(
            "e7a0010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010185c4072a8080"
        );
        assert!(alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<AccountData>(&wire).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn account_data_consumes_only_its_own_list() {
        let account = AccountData::from_trie_account(
            B256::repeat_byte(1),
            &trie_account(B256::repeat_byte(2), B256::repeat_byte(3)),
        );
        let mut wire = alloy_rlp::encode(&account);
        assert_eq!(wire.len(), account.length());
        wire.push(0x80);
        let mut input = wire.as_slice();
        assert_eq!(AccountData::decode(&mut input).unwrap(), account);
        assert_eq!(input, &[0x80]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn account_data_rejects_missing_truncated_and_extra_body_items() {
        for wire in [
            "e1a00101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101",
            "e4a00101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101c4072a",
            "e7a00101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101c4072a808080",
        ] {
            let bytes = alloy_primitives::hex::decode(wire).unwrap();
            assert!(alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<AccountData>(&bytes).is_err());
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn slim_body_elides_empty_storage_and_code() {
        let account = trie_account(EMPTY_ROOT_HASH, KECCAK256_EMPTY);
        let hash = B256::repeat_byte(1);
        let encoded = AccountData::from_trie_account(hash, &account);

        let body = alloy_rlp::encode(&encoded.body);
        assert_eq!(body, alloy_primitives::hex!("c4072a8080"));
        assert_eq!(alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<SlimAccountBody>(&body).unwrap(), encoded.body);
        assert_eq!(encoded.trie_account(), account);
        assert_eq!(encoded.into_trie_entry(), (hash, account));
    }

    #[test]
    #[allow(clippy::clone_on_copy)]
    fn slim_body_keeps_non_default_storage_and_code() {
        let account = trie_account(B256::repeat_byte(2), B256::repeat_byte(3));
        let encoded = AccountData::from_trie_account(B256::repeat_byte(1), &account);

        let body = alloy_rlp::encode(&encoded.body);
        assert_eq!(body, alloy_rlp::encode(account.clone()));
        assert_eq!(alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<SlimAccountBody>(&body).unwrap(), encoded.body);
        assert_eq!(encoded.trie_account(), account);
    }

    #[test_case(1)]
    #[test_case(16)]
    #[test_case(31)]
    #[test_case(33)]
    fn slim_body_rejects_invalid_hash_lengths(len: usize) {
        let invalid = vec![0xaa; len];
        for (storage_root, code_hash) in
            [(invalid.as_slice(), &[][..]), (&[][..], invalid.as_slice())]
        {
            let body = alloy_rlp::encode(SlimAccountBodyRef {
                nonce: 7,
                balance: U256::from(42),
                storage_root,
                code_hash,
            });
            assert_eq!(
                alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<SlimAccountBody>(&body),
                Err(alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedLength)
            );
        }
    }

    #[test_case("c0")]
    #[test_case("c3072a80")]
    #[test_case("c5072a808080")]
    #[test_case("c4072a808000")]
    fn slim_body_rejects_missing_and_extra_fields(wire: &str) {
        let bytes = alloy_primitives::hex::decode(wire).unwrap();
        assert!(alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<SlimAccountBody>(&bytes).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn storage_data_rejects_trailing_bytes() {
        let mut slot = StorageData::from_value(B256::repeat_byte(4), U256::ONE);
        slot.data = [slot.data.as_ref(), &[0x00]].concat().into();

        assert!(slot.value().is_err());
    }
}